The study of life
#Limiting Factors
Site of photosynthesis
Store substances within the cell
Maintains turgor pressure (plant cell)
Membrane protein synthesis
Site of aerobic respiration
Site of protein synthesis
Chloroplast & cell wall in plants only
Centrioles in animals only
Central vacuole in plants, small temporary vacuoles in animals
Conduction and support
Absorption of water and mineral salts
Transport of oxygen
The net movement of substances from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration down the concentration gradient
The net movement of water molecules from a region of higher water potential to a region of lower water potential through a partially permeable membrane down a water potential gradient
Hypotonic: Higher water potential
Hypertonic: Lower water potential
Isotonic: Same Water Potential
The movement of substances from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration through a partially permeable membrane against the concentration gradient via a membrane-bound pump by using energy
Add a few drops of iodine solution
Narrow, muscular tube that joins the pharynx and the stomach uses peristalsis to push food forward
Stores bile produced by the liver which emulsifies fats increasing the surface area to volume ratio
The rhythmic wave-like antagonistic contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle layers, outer longitudinal muscles and inner circular muscles, causing dilation and constriction to mix and propel food
Increase surface area to volume ratio
Smallest unit of life
A group of cells which work together to perform a specific function
Different tissues working together to perform specific function
Several organs working together for common purpose form system
Create a continuously empty lumen
Transport of water by capillary actions
Increases surface area to volume ratio of the cell which allows water and mineral salts to be more efficiently absorbed
Active transport of mineral salt against the concentration gradient into root hair cell
Contains red pigment called haemoglobin which transports oxygen from lungs to all parts of body
Allows it to carry more haemoglobin ∴ more oxygen
Increases surface area to volume ratio for faster oxygen diffusion
Allows red blood cells to squeeze through fine capillaries
C, H, O
H:O = 2:1
Blue-black: √
Yellow: X
Go to solid/liquid
Go to liquid step 2
C, H, O, N (Sometimes S)
Go to liquid step 2
C, H, O
H > O
Results
Cloudy white emulsion: √
Clear: X
Produce and secrete saliva the mouth
Space enclosed by the mouth
Chewing action breaks up food into small pieces (mastication) to increase surface area to volume ratio for digestive enzyme action
Rolls food and saliva into small masses (boli) to facilitate swallowing
Stretches when temporarily storing food, informs the brain when fully-distended
Peristalsis churns the food to mechanically break them up and mix them forming chyme
Gastric glands which produce gastric juice which contains hydrochloric acid, pepsin and renin
Nutrient-rich blood from small intestine to liver
Oxygenated blood from heart to liver
Deoxygenated blood from the liver to the heart
Smaller diffusion distance, has microvilli to increase surface area to volume ratio
Maintain concentration gradients
Veins carry water and mineral salts to the cells in the lamina and carry manufactured food from these cells to other parts of the plant
The lamina has a large flat surface compared to its volume. This enables it to obtain the maximum amount of sunlight for photosynthesis
A large, thin lamina also means that carbon dioxide can rapidly reach the inner cells of the leaf
The petiole holds the lamina away from the stem so that the lamina can obtain sufficient sunlight and air in come leaves
Minute openings usually found on the lower epidermis
Light energy -> Chemical energy
12H2O (Photolysis) -> 6O2 + 24H
6CO2 + 24H (Chemical energy) -> C6H12O6 + 6H2O
(Enzyme-controlled reactions)
6CO2 + 12H2O > C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O
6CO2 + 6H2O > C6H12O6 + 6O2
Carbon dioxide + Water > Glucose + Oxygen
When an animal cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, water, water enters animal cell by endosmosis. Cytoplasm has lower water potential than external solution, water enters cell by osmosis. Cell expands in volume. Cell membrane is too delicate to prevent further expansion. Cell lyses and cell contents poured out.
When an animal cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water leaves the cell by exosmosis. Cytoplasm has higher water potential than external solution, water leaves the cell by osmosis. Cell shrinks in volume. Cell membrane crinkles and forms spikes in a process called crenation. Animal cell eventually dehydrates and dies.
When a plant cell is placed in a hypotonic solution/water, water enters plant cell by endosmosis. Cell sap has lower water potential than external solution, water moves through cell wall and cell membrane and enters cytoplasm and vacuole by osmosis. Vacuole increases in size. Cell expands in volume. Cytoplasm and cell surface membrane pushed against and exerts pressure on cellulose cell wall. Water stops entering when inelastic cell wall exerts opposing pressure to resist further expansion. Cell becomes turgid.
When a plant cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, water leaves plant cell by exosmosis. Cell sap has higher water potential than external solution, water leaves vacuole and cytoplasm and moves through cell membrane and cell wall by osmosis. Vacuole and cell shrink in size. Cytoplasm & cell membrane pull away from cell wall in a process known as plasmolysis. Cell becomes flaccid.
Blue: X
Brick-red precipitate: √
#Results
Blue: X
Purple: √
Pepsinogen (Inactive) + HCl > Pepsin (Active)
Protein + Pepsin > Peptides
#Rennin
Prorennin (Inactive) + HCl > Rennin (Active)
Milk protein caseinogen (Soluble) + Rennin > Casein (Insoluble)
So it stays longer in the stomach
Protection against damage by hydrochloric acid in gastric juice
The lower oesophageal sphincter connects stomach to the oesophagus and the pyloric sphincter connects stomach to the small intestine, they control the movement of food into and out of the stomach
Transports glucose and amino acids
Transports lipids