{"cards":[{"_id":"47eb4af37e9aecd201000042","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":3045028,"position":1,"parentId":null,"content":"# Unit 1: Chemical Changes and Structure"},{"_id":"482ec2e39a5b4de33f00006b","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":558796,"position":1.625,"parentId":"47eb4af37e9aecd201000042","content":"##Controlling the rate of reaction"},{"_id":"47eebf8259bcf4b5ce000016","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":558839,"position":0.5,"parentId":"482ec2e39a5b4de33f00006b","content":"## Lesson 1: Introduction(s)\n\n"},{"_id":"47eecd6859bcf4b5ce000018","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":527466,"position":1,"parentId":"47eebf8259bcf4b5ce000016","content":"How was everyone's summer? See any good science?\n\nWhat does everyone want to get out of this - why have they chosen Chemistry Higher?\n\nOverview of what we're covering this year - how to make chemistry make sense! Structure of the course, in three major units with increasing numbers of sub-topics in each one. What is required, practically speaking.\n\nHow do they see the relations between chemistry and everything else?\n\nWhat did they find easy in Chemistry GCSE? What did they find difficult?\n\nEquipment: They'll need the textbook, paper, a ringbinder, a calculator. That's this week's homework.\n\nExpectations: I expect them to do the work required; to think about chemistry and how it relates to other things; to arrive on time and not mess around too much."},{"_id":"47eef6a459bcf4b5ce000019","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":527474,"position":2,"parentId":"47eebf8259bcf4b5ce000016","content":"Revisiting the things they should know already about rates of reaction"},{"_id":"47eb4d7f7e9aecd201000043","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":555904,"position":3,"parentId":"47eebf8259bcf4b5ce000016","content":"## Controlling the rate of reaction\nLots of familiar territory here, but actually covering quite a bit of new ground"},{"_id":"47eb52407e9aecd201000047","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":555905,"position":4,"parentId":"47eebf8259bcf4b5ce000016","content":"* Activation energy\n* Activated complex\n* Catalyst\n* Collision geometry\n* Collision theory\n* Endothermic\n* Exothermic\n* Enthalpy change\n* Rate of reaction"},{"_id":"482c27ae69d30e0cd9000011","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":558855,"position":0.75,"parentId":"482ec2e39a5b4de33f00006b","content":"##Lesson 2: Applying this knowledge"},{"_id":"482c2e6069d30e0cd9000012","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":8239337,"position":1,"parentId":"482c27ae69d30e0cd9000011","content":"### Starter"},{"_id":"6d692673a71497227100089b","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":8239340,"position":1,"parentId":"482c2e6069d30e0cd9000012","content":"Take turns to name one thing that influences the rate of a reaction"},{"_id":"482c2f7469d30e0cd9000013","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":8269719,"position":2,"parentId":"482c27ae69d30e0cd9000011","content":"Questions from book and discussion of tricky points?\nExperiment from http://www.rsc.org/learn-chemistry/resource/res00000413/rate-of-reaction-the-effects-of-concentration-and-temperature (CCE 29)\n"},{"_id":"6d692d3ea71497227100089c","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":8239349,"position":1,"parentId":"482c2f7469d30e0cd9000013","content":"1. Place 50 cm3 of solution A in a 250 cm3 beaker.\n2. Place the same volume of solution B in a second beaker.\n3. Mix the two solutions by pouring from one beaker into the other several times.\n4. Note the time required for a reaction to occur (formation of blue colour).\n5. Repeat, but use solution A that has been diluted to one half the concentration. Note\nthe time for the reaction to occur.\n6. Repeat using solution A warmed to 35 °C. Note the time for a reaction to occur."},{"_id":"6d9f3380b02c51e38f00073c","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":8269718,"position":2.5,"parentId":"482c27ae69d30e0cd9000011","content":"Visible activated complex demonstration (CCD 1)"},{"_id":"6d9f3452b02c51e38f00073d","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":8269715,"position":1,"parentId":"6d9f3380b02c51e38f00073c","content":"Description\nHydrogen peroxide oxidises potassium sodium tartrate (Rochelle salt) to carbon\ndioxide. The reaction is catalysed by cobalt(II) chloride. When solutions of hydrogen\nperoxide and Rochelle salt are mixed, carbon dioxide is slowly evolved. The addition\nof cobalt(II) chloride causes the reaction to froth, indicating a large increase in the\nreaction rate. At the same time the colour of the cobalt(II) chloride turns from pink to\ngreen (an activated complex), returning to pink again within a few seconds as the\nreaction dies down. This indicates that catalysts actually take part in the reaction and\nare returned unchanged when the reaction is complete.\nApparatus\n▼ Bunsen burner, tripod, gauze and heat-proof mat.\n▼ One 250 cm3\n beaker.\n▼ One 0 –100 °C thermometer.\n▼ One 25 cm3\n measuring cylinder.\n▼ One dropping pipette.\n▼ Access to overhead projector (optional).\nChemicals\nThe quantities given are for one demonstration.\n▼ 5 g of potassium sodium tartrate-4-water (Rochelle salt, potassium sodium 2,3-\ndihydroxybutanedioate, KNaC4\nH4\nO6\n.4H2\nO).\n▼ 0.2 g of cobalt(II) chloride-6-water (CoCl2\n.6H2\nO).\n▼ 20 cm3\n of 20 volume (ie approximately 6 %) hydrogen peroxide solution\n(H2\nO2(aq)).\n▼ 65 cm3\n of deionised water.\n▼ About 200 cm3\n of crushed ice (optional).\nMethod\nBefore the demonstration\nMake a solution of 0.2 g of cobalt chloride-6-water in 5 cm3\n of deionised water.\nMake a solution of 5 g of Rochelle salt in 60 cm3\n of deionised water in a 250 cm3\nbeaker.\nTHE ROYAL\nSOCIETY OF\nCHEMISTRY\n2 Classic Chemistry Demonstrations\nThe demonstration\nAdd 20 cm3 of 20 volume hydrogen peroxide to the solution of Rochelle salt and heat\nthe mixture to about 75 °C over a Bunsen burner. There will be a slow evolution of\ngas showing that the reaction is proceeding. Stirring the solution makes the evolution\nof gas more obvious. Now add the cobalt chloride solution to the mixture. Almost\nimmediately the pink solution will turn green and after a few seconds vigorous\nevolution of gas starts and the froth will rise almost to the top of the beaker. Within\nabout 30 seconds, the frothing subsides and the pink colour returns.\nVisual tips\nStand the beaker on a overhead projector to make the evolution of gas before the\naddition of the catalyst more easily visible.\nTeaching tips\nThe green activated complex can be trapped if a sample of the green solution is\nwithdrawn with a dropping pipette and then transferred to a test-tube that is cooled in\ncrushed ice. The solution remains green for some time.\nIf the reaction is considered to be going too fast for easy observation, carry it out\nat a lower temperature (although this will make it less easy to see the evolution of\nCO2\n before adding the catalyst)."},{"_id":"482c43d269d30e0cd9000014","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":557029,"position":3,"parentId":"482c27ae69d30e0cd9000011","content":"Plenary...?"},{"_id":"47eb4eaa7e9aecd201000044","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":524941,"position":2,"parentId":"47eb4af37e9aecd201000042","content":"##The Periodic Table: bonding and structure"},{"_id":"482ec7349a5b4de33f00006d","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":568376,"position":1,"parentId":"47eb4eaa7e9aecd201000044","content":"##Lesson 3: The Periodic Table - bonding and structure (1)\nThe first 20 elements in the Periodic Table are categorised according to bonding and structure. Periodic trends and underlying patterns and principles."},{"_id":"48303ded4051211a79000019","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":563475,"position":1,"parentId":"482ec7349a5b4de33f00006d","content":"Starter:\nWhich parts of the periodic table tend to be solid at the highest temperatures?\n"},{"_id":"48303e104051211a7900001a","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":563376,"position":2,"parentId":"482ec7349a5b4de33f00006d","content":"Discussion:\n* Quick recap of bonding types\n* Intermolecular forces - focus on London dispersion forces for now\n"},{"_id":"483087d84051211a7900001b","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":560064,"position":3,"parentId":"482ec7349a5b4de33f00006d","content":"With help of Molymod:\n* Types of covalent molecules\n * Halogens, with single bonds\n * Oxygen, with its double bond\n * Sulfur also forms two or more bonds, but has much stronger London dispersion forces owing to its greater size, hence it is much less gassy than oxygen\n * Nitrogen and phosphorus form three bonds, but where nitrogen usually forms a single, extremely strong triple bond, phosphorus makes tetrahedra, and in sharp contrast to nitrogen, is extremely reactive\n * Carbon's various exciting allotropes, and silicon's related networks\n * Boron's unexpected but logical habit of forming icosahedra"},{"_id":"483665934051211a7900001d","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":568205,"position":3.5,"parentId":"482ec7349a5b4de33f00006d","content":"Plenary:\nCategorise the types of covalent structures"},{"_id":"483638e44051211a7900001c","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":563429,"position":4,"parentId":"482ec7349a5b4de33f00006d","content":"Tidying up"},{"_id":"483e9f53299f50b412000057","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":576124,"position":1.5,"parentId":"47eb4eaa7e9aecd201000044","content":"##Lesson 4: The Periodic Table - bonding and structure (2)\nAllotropes of sulfur"},{"_id":"483ea02c299f50b412000058","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":572023,"position":1,"parentId":"483e9f53299f50b412000057","content":"###Starter:\n Watch <a href=\"http://www.periodicvideos.com/videos/feature_dublin_elements_portraits.htm\">Portraits of Elements video</a>"},{"_id":"483ea06d299f50b412000059","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":576138,"position":2,"parentId":"483e9f53299f50b412000057","content":"Demonstration of allotropes of sulfur following directions in Classic Chemical Demonstrations\n(answering some questions from the textbook while the oil heats up)"},{"_id":"483ea243299f50b41200005a","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":568452,"position":1,"parentId":"483ea06d299f50b412000059","content":"73. Sulphur\nTopic\nProperties of sulphur, allotropy, the relationship between properties and structure.\nTiming\nAbout 20 min.\nLevel\nPre-16.\nDescription\nSulphur is heated gently and the various forms are:\n▼ an amber, mobile liquid consisting of S8 rings;\n▼ a viscous liquid consisting of long tangled chains of sulphur; and\n▼ a dark, mobile liquid consisting of shorter sulphur chains.\nThe first form is allowed to cool and needle-shaped crystals of monoclinic sulphur\nform.\nThe third form is plunged into cold water and plastic sulphur is formed.\nSulphur is dissolved in toluene or xylene and the solvent allowed to evaporate.\nCrystals of rhombic sulphur form.\nApparatus\n▼ Two boiling tubes.\n▼ Holder to hold the tubes while heating them.\n▼ One 250 cm3\n conical flask with cork to fit.\n▼ One 250 cm3\n beaker.\n▼ One 1 dm3\n beaker.\n▼ Petri dish or watch glass.\n▼ Microscope – ideally a projection or video microscope.\n▼ Bunsen burner, tripod and gauze.\n▼ Heat-proof mat.\n▼ Access to a fume cupboard.\nChemicals\nThe quantities given are for one demonstration.\n▼ About 60 g of powdered roll sulphur. Note that ‘flowers of sulphur’ is not\nsuitable because it contains a lot of insoluble amorphous sulphur.\n▼ About 700 cm3\n of cooking oil or other high boiling point oil.\n▼ About 100 cm3 of toluene (methylbenzene) or xylene (dimethylbenzene).\n▼ Filter paper – about 18 cm in diameter.\n\nBefore the demonstration\nTwo thirds fill a 1 dm3\n beaker with cooking oil and heat to about 130 °C. Half fill a\n250 cm3\n beaker with cold water.\nThe demonstration\nTwo-thirds fill two boiling tubes with broken/powdered roll sulphur (about 20 g in\neach tube) and place in the oil bath. The sulphur will melt to a clear, amber,\ntransparent, mobile liquid. This will take about 15 min. Some teachers may wish to\npre-prepare at least one tube to save time. Remove one boiling tube and pour the\nsulphur into a filter paper cone held together by a paper clip (Fig. 1) and supported in\na beaker. Allow the sulphur to cool and solidify. Break the crust with a spatula and\npour off any remaining liquid. Needle-shaped crystals of monoclinic sulphur will be\nseen. When cool, the cone can be passed around the class.\nTake the second tube and, using a test-tube holder, heat it gently over a small\nBunsen flame, keeping the contents of the tube moving to prevent local overheating.\nThe liquid gets darker and, fairly suddenly, becomes a viscous gel-like substance.\nThis occurs at about 200 °C. The tube can be inverted and the sulphur will remain in\nit. Show that the mobile liquid re-forms on cooling.\nFurther heating beyond the gel-like stage liquefies the sulphur again to a very dark\nred-brown liquid (the colour of bromine). Note that during heating it is probable that\nthe sulphur will catch fire and sulphur dioxide will be produced. Have a heat-proof\nmat to hand to place over the mouth of the tube to extinguish the blue flames.\nWhen the sulphur begins to boil, pour the liquid sulphur in a slow stream into a\nbeaker of cold water. A mass of brown plastic sulphur will form. Allow this to cool\nthoroughly, taking care because the inside of the plastic sulphur may remain molten\nafter the outside has solidified. Remove the plastic sulphur from the water and show\nthat it is rubbery – it can be stretched and will return to its original shape. After about half an hour it will be noticeable that the shiny surface of the plastic sulphur is\nbeginning to dull and some of the elasticity is lost as it begins to turn back to the\nmore stable rhombic sulphur. Leave until the following lesson to monitor the progress\nof this change. This will be very noticeable after a week or so but complete change\nwill take a long time.\nWorking in a fume cupboard, put about 10 g of powdered roll sulphur into a\nconical flask and add about 100 cm3\n of toluene or xylene. Leave the sulphur to\ndissolve. This will take some several minutes; warming to about 50 °C will speed up\ndissolution. Some teachers may wish to prepare the solution before the\ndemonstration to save time. Pour a little of the solution into a petri dish, watch glass\nor microscope slide and leave it in the fume cupboard for the solvent to evaporate.\nThis will take about 10 min. Small crystals of rhombic sulphur will form. These can\nbe viewed under a microscope. The class will need to file past and view them in turn.\nIt is worth the teacher selecting a well-formed crystal for viewing.\nVisual tips\nA projection microscope or video microscope can be used to show the shape of the\nrhombic crystals to the whole class.\nTeaching tips\nSome stages of this demonstration are time-consuming, eg melting the sulphur in the\noil bath, dissolving the sulphur in the toluene or xylene and evaporating the solvent.\nSome teachers may prefer to melt some sulphur before the lesson and to prepare\nrhombic crystals before the lesson to save time. In the latter case, slower evaporation\n(which can be brought about by covering the petri dish with filter paper with a few\nholes in) will produce larger crystals. Particularly large and/or well-formed crystals\ncould be retained as examples for future use."},{"_id":"483ea750299f50b41200005b","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":572024,"position":3,"parentId":"483e9f53299f50b412000057","content":"###Plenary:\nDiscussion of the demonstration, what it shows etc."},{"_id":"483dfb4c299f50b412000056","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":572029,"position":4,"parentId":"483e9f53299f50b412000057","content":"###Homework:\nUsing ptable.com, webelements or similar, investigate which properties show clear trends as you go across or down the table. Try to explain these trends."},{"_id":"483a475336ccf62c8200001f","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":599159,"position":1.75,"parentId":"47eb4eaa7e9aecd201000044","content":"##Lesson 5: Trends in the Periodic Table \nCovalent radius, ionisation energy, electronegativity and trends in groups and periods, related to atomic structure."},{"_id":"484aecf38d6e12d938000029","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":576190,"position":1,"parentId":"483a475336ccf62c8200001f","content":"###Starter:\nInvestigating the sulfur further - viewing with a microscope... Why was the sulfur that I poured in the water yesterday rubbery? Why and how has it changed now? Why and how is it different from the (monoclinic) sulfur that went in the filter paper, and the stuff that's now in the watch glass?"},{"_id":"484af1e58d6e12d93800002a","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":600229,"position":2,"parentId":"483a475336ccf62c8200001f","content":"###Main:\n* Discussion of patterns in Periodic Table - what did they find for their homework? Can they explain it?\n* Chemical Misconceptions - Interactions worksheet, perhaps?\n* Forming tin(IV) iodide? Or possibly some other covalent compound with metal?"},{"_id":"47eb4f2a7e9aecd201000045","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":524923,"position":3,"parentId":"47eb4af37e9aecd201000042","content":"##Trends in the Periodic Table"},{"_id":"4879a250baa64e81380000d6","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":600227,"position":0.5,"parentId":"47eb4f2a7e9aecd201000045","content":"##Lesson 6: Investigating the sodium tin\nRevisiting the alkali metals, introducing galvanic corrosion"},{"_id":"487bd2fabaa64e813800014b","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":600238,"position":1,"parentId":"4879a250baa64e81380000d6","content":"###Starter:\n* Here is a very old container of sodium, from the back of the store-room. Surprisingly, it's made of metal rather than glass; I guess that was acceptable at some point. As you can see, it has a worrying hole in the side, with some kind of white crystals around the outside. Any suggestions how it could have got there?"},{"_id":"487bd886baa64e813800014c","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":600297,"position":1,"parentId":"487bd2fabaa64e813800014b","content":"One obvious suggestion would be plain oxidation. But aluminium is very resistant to this, and surely they wouldn't use any metal for this that wasn't? How can we figure out what kind of metal it is, assuming these crystals are the oxide the metal?\n\nAnother possibility is that the hole has been caused by acid *or alkali* reacting with the metal - [aluminium turns out to be amphoteric](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WnPrtYUKke8), meaning it could be either. Perhaps some of the sodium reacted with water, producing sodium hydroxide, and reacted with the can?\n\nYet another possibility is that the hole was caused (at least partly) by galvanic corrosion. How could we work out whether this is a possibility?"},{"_id":"487c0fdebaa64e813800014d","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":600581,"position":2,"parentId":"4879a250baa64e81380000d6","content":"###Main:\nLet's figure out what those crystals are, and whether we can rule out any of our hypotheses for what happened to the tin.\n\nFirst, write definitions of any new vocabulary introduced in the first part of the lesson.\n\nWrite down the aim of the experiment, any hypotheses, and your proposed method.\n\nRecord results and any conclusion."},{"_id":"487c3a51baa64e813800014e","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":600538,"position":1,"parentId":"487c0fdebaa64e813800014d","content":"Flame test should tell us what metal (or metals) are in the crystals. We may also need to do a flame test on some of the corrosion from the elsewhere around the can, in case it's different."},{"_id":"487c3b06baa64e813800014f","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":600344,"position":2,"parentId":"487c0fdebaa64e813800014d","content":"We may be able to rule out galvanic corrosion by showing that the sodium, rather than the aluminium, would be the anode if that was what we were looking at."},{"_id":"487c3bb1baa64e8138000150","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":600586,"position":3,"parentId":"487c0fdebaa64e813800014d","content":"How could we definitively show that the aluminium was attacked by sodium hydroxide? "},{"_id":"487ffb85baa64e8138000166","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":602150,"position":4,"parentId":"487c0fdebaa64e813800014d","content":"Safety precautions: Tin itself behind a safety screen, goggles and lab coats all round"},{"_id":"487c6b83baa64e8138000151","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":600587,"position":3,"parentId":"4879a250baa64e81380000d6","content":"###Plenary:\n\nDiscuss conclusions and any ideas for further tests that might tell us more."},{"_id":"47eb50347e9aecd201000046","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":524935,"position":4,"parentId":"47eb4af37e9aecd201000042","content":"## Bonding in Compounds"},{"_id":"4879a308baa64e81380000d7","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":608341,"position":0.75,"parentId":"47eb50347e9aecd201000046","content":"##Lesson 7: Bonding in Compounds (1)\nPolar covalent bonding, and the bonding continuum"},{"_id":"487cb85abaa64e8138000156","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":600760,"position":1,"parentId":"4879a308baa64e81380000d7","content":"###Starter:\nExplain the trends in electronegativity across and down the periodic table. Write down your answer."},{"_id":"487cbb07baa64e8138000157","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":600793,"position":2,"parentId":"4879a308baa64e81380000d7","content":"###Main:\nIntroducing and defining these concepts:\n* Polar covalent bonding\n* Bonding continuum\n* Permanent dipole-permanent dipole interactions\n* Hydrogen bonding\n\n"},{"_id":"487fd278baa64e8138000164","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":602126,"position":1,"parentId":"487cbb07baa64e8138000157","content":"* Covalent bonding between atoms off different electronegativity, where electrons are unevenly shared between them\n* The range of different bonds between pure covalent and pure ionic\n* Intermolecular attraction caused by the polarity of the molecules involved\n* A particularly strong form of the above, owing to hydrogen having only one electron to start with"},{"_id":"487ceac8baa64e8138000158","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":602157,"position":3,"parentId":"4879a308baa64e81380000d7","content":"Testing some different liquids for polarity using a charged rod. Noticing their viscosity, too."},{"_id":"487fe152baa64e8138000165","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":602158,"position":1,"parentId":"487ceac8baa64e8138000158","content":"Water's easy.\nCan we compare ethanol with a hydrocarbon that's liquid at room temperature, like heptane?"},{"_id":"487daa9dbaa64e813800015e","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":611544,"position":3.5,"parentId":"4879a308baa64e81380000d7","content":"Discuss some differences between polar and similar but non-polar substances. Generally, intermolecular forces are much greater in a polar substance, thanks to the interactions between the permanent dipoles - what effects would we expect to see with stronger intermolecular forces?"},{"_id":"487db6febaa64e813800015f","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":601133,"position":1,"parentId":"487daa9dbaa64e813800015e","content":"* Higher melting point\n* Higher boiling point\n* Higher viscosity"},{"_id":"4880080dbaa64e8138000167","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":602161,"position":4,"parentId":"4879a308baa64e81380000d7","content":"###Plenary:\nExplain your observations as completely as possible."},{"_id":"4879a350baa64e81380000d8","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":611560,"position":1.5,"parentId":"47eb50347e9aecd201000046","content":"##Lesson 8 (am): Bonding in Compounds (2)\nProperties relating to intermolecular forces, particularly surface tension"},{"_id":"487cef90baa64e8138000159","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":611543,"position":1,"parentId":"4879a350baa64e81380000d8","content":"###Starter:\nHere's an ice cube floating on oil. Will it stay floating once it melts? If not why not? Why does it float in the first place?\n\nMaybe also beads of wax in molten wax?"},{"_id":"489a5212baa64e81380003c3","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":611540,"position":1,"parentId":"487cef90baa64e8138000159","content":"Be ready to show hexagonal magnet structure with big gaps in it."},{"_id":"487d0ecabaa64e813800015a","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":601116,"position":2,"parentId":"4879a350baa64e81380000d8","content":"###Main:\n"},{"_id":"487daa55baa64e813800015d","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":611657,"position":2.25,"parentId":"4879a350baa64e81380000d8","content":"Investigating surface tension - floating a pin on the surface of some water; sinking it with soap; similarly, a layer of powder on the surface of some water immediately goes to the sides on addition of detergent; also, surface tension is responsible for the formation of a meniscus. Watch how many coins you can put into an alread-full beaker before it overflows. c.f. http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/practical-chemistry/detergents-soaps-and-surface-tension"},{"_id":"489a6061baa64e81380003c5","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":611550,"position":2.625,"parentId":"4879a350baa64e81380000d8","content":"Discussion - why is there surface tension?"},{"_id":"487d0f05baa64e813800015b","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":611632,"position":3,"parentId":"4879a350baa64e81380000d8","content":"###Plenary:\nVideo of [surface tension in space](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=whukr452ZvY)\n"},{"_id":"4879a389baa64e81380000d9","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":611564,"position":3,"parentId":"47eb50347e9aecd201000046","content":"##Lesson 9 (pm):\nSolubility of different things in polar or non-polar liquids"},{"_id":"487fcb81baa64e8138000161","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":611565,"position":1,"parentId":"4879a389baa64e81380000d9","content":"###Starter:\nWhat do you think it takes for something to dissolve? In particular, non-polar molecules?"},{"_id":"487dec75baa64e8138000160","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":611667,"position":1.5,"parentId":"4879a389baa64e81380000d9","content":"Polar dissolves polar, non-polar dissolves non-polar. Polar solutions are all about charges; non-polar solvation happens through London forces. Polar solvents don't usually dissolve non-polar things because they're too attracted to themselves."},{"_id":"487fcbccbaa64e8138000162","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":611624,"position":2,"parentId":"4879a389baa64e81380000d9","content":"###Main:\nExperiments on solubility of different substances - salt, sugar, congealed paraffin, that sort of thing."},{"_id":"487fcbf5baa64e8138000163","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":602098,"position":3,"parentId":"4879a389baa64e81380000d9","content":"###Plenary:"},{"_id":"4879b50cbaa64e81380000dc","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":646964,"position":4,"parentId":"47eb50347e9aecd201000046","content":"##Lesson 10 (double):\nReview of the unit"},{"_id":"48a6e643baa64e81380003c6","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":619141,"position":1,"parentId":"4879b50cbaa64e81380000dc","content":"###Starter:\nDiscussion of yesterday's experiments. What did they find? Does it back up what they learned at all?"},{"_id":"48a6effebaa64e81380003c7","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":619136,"position":2,"parentId":"4879b50cbaa64e81380000dc","content":"###Main:\nGo through the unit summary noting down anything that you're not really sure of and any questions you want to ask.\n\nWhat are people unsure of? Discuss, fill in, make notes on unclear points."},{"_id":"48a6f593baa64e81380003c9","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":619132,"position":2.5,"parentId":"4879b50cbaa64e81380000dc","content":"Try out specimen exam questions on this unit. Attempt them in the designated time, but with open books and feeling free to ask each other questions."},{"_id":"48a6f038baa64e81380003c8","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":619013,"position":3,"parentId":"4879b50cbaa64e81380000dc","content":"###Plenary:\nDiscuss how everyone thinks they did."},{"_id":"4f6bd016e04b623c6c0001de","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1550279,"position":5,"parentId":"47eb4af37e9aecd201000042","content":"##End of Unit Test"},{"_id":"4f6bd05ee04b623c6c0001df","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1550280,"position":1,"parentId":"4f6bd016e04b623c6c0001de","content":"Sophia"},{"_id":"4f6bd0bee04b623c6c0001e0","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1550281,"position":1,"parentId":"4f6bd05ee04b623c6c0001df","content":"2+4+2+2+1+2"},{"_id":"4f6bd5a4e04b623c6c0001e1","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1550283,"position":2,"parentId":"4f6bd016e04b623c6c0001de","content":"Alex"},{"_id":"4f6bd5d2e04b623c6c0001e2","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1550305,"position":1,"parentId":"4f6bd5a4e04b623c6c0001e1","content":"9+4+4+2+3+1.5+2=63.75%"},{"_id":"4f6bd93ce04b623c6c0001e3","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1550289,"position":3,"parentId":"4f6bd016e04b623c6c0001de","content":"Darren"},{"_id":"4f6bda2ee04b623c6c0001e4","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1550303,"position":1,"parentId":"4f6bd93ce04b623c6c0001e3","content":"6+5+2+3+3+1=50%"},{"_id":"482ec9559a5b4de33f00006e","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":3045026,"position":2,"parentId":null,"content":"# Unit 2: Nature's Chemistry"},{"_id":"48e552026d5739e92e0000e4","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":649660,"position":1,"parentId":"482ec9559a5b4de33f00006e","content":"##Alcohols, Carboxylic Acids and Esters"},{"_id":"48e553a86d5739e92e0000e5","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":647059,"position":1,"parentId":"48e552026d5739e92e0000e4","content":"##Lesson 11\nIntroduction and Recap"},{"_id":"48e5f79d6d5739e92e0000ee","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":647777,"position":0.5,"parentId":"48e553a86d5739e92e0000e5","content":"###Ideas:\n* Suffixes\n* Skeleton formulae\n* Esterification"},{"_id":"48e5572b6d5739e92e0000e8","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":647078,"position":1,"parentId":"48e553a86d5739e92e0000e5","content":"###Starter:"},{"_id":"48e557616d5739e92e0000e9","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":647088,"position":2,"parentId":"48e553a86d5739e92e0000e5","content":"How many chemical suffixes can you think of, focusing on organic chemistry? How many can you define?"},{"_id":"48e559d86d5739e92e0000ec","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":647544,"position":2.5,"parentId":"48e553a86d5739e92e0000e5","content":"Share suffixes."},{"_id":"48e5588d6d5739e92e0000ea","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":647085,"position":3,"parentId":"48e553a86d5739e92e0000e5","content":"###Main:"},{"_id":"48e6df2c6d5739e92e0000f4","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":648164,"position":3.5,"parentId":"48e553a86d5739e92e0000e5","content":"Discuss homework, then collect it in."},{"_id":"48e5594b6d5739e92e0000eb","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":647779,"position":4,"parentId":"48e553a86d5739e92e0000e5","content":" Explain skeletal formulae. Show some examples."},{"_id":"48e6a2b76d5739e92e0000ef","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":648037,"position":5,"parentId":"48e553a86d5739e92e0000e5","content":"Recap of carboxylic acids, alcohols and esters."},{"_id":"48e6a3596d5739e92e0000f0","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":648143,"position":6,"parentId":"48e553a86d5739e92e0000e5","content":"Why would an ester be more volatile/have a higher melting point than its components?"},{"_id":"48e6d0336d5739e92e0000f1","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":648153,"position":7,"parentId":"48e553a86d5739e92e0000e5","content":"Read about making an ester in the textbook."},{"_id":"48e6d8556d5739e92e0000f2","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":648154,"position":1,"parentId":"48e6d0336d5739e92e0000f1","content":"Note the naming convention generally used for esters"},{"_id":"48e6e2096d5739e92e0000f5","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":648172,"position":7.5,"parentId":"48e553a86d5739e92e0000e5","content":"Answer Question 1 on page 66."},{"_id":"48e6ded56d5739e92e0000f3","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":648166,"position":8,"parentId":"48e553a86d5739e92e0000e5","content":"###Plenary:\n"},{"_id":"48e5551f6d5739e92e0000e6","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":656675,"position":2,"parentId":"48e552026d5739e92e0000e4","content":"##Lesson 12 (am)\nUses of esters"},{"_id":"48f627e2a6e4aca5c0000144","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":656678,"position":1,"parentId":"48e5551f6d5739e92e0000e6","content":"Solvent, flavourings"},{"_id":"48f6294ba6e4aca5c0000145","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":656688,"position":2,"parentId":"48e5551f6d5739e92e0000e6","content":"Also, all edible oils are technically esters. Pleasingly, they're used as lubricants in some industrial processes where you don't want mineral oil getting in to food etc."},{"_id":"48f629b9a6e4aca5c0000146","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":656680,"position":3,"parentId":"48e5551f6d5739e92e0000e6","content":"Environmental hazards"},{"_id":"48f629eea6e4aca5c0000147","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":656695,"position":4,"parentId":"48e5551f6d5739e92e0000e6","content":"Naming"},{"_id":"48f63e4fa6e4aca5c0000148","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":656714,"position":5,"parentId":"48e5551f6d5739e92e0000e6","content":"Making (esterification, a condensation reaction) and breaking (hydrolysis)"},{"_id":"48f641dea6e4aca5c0000149","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":656730,"position":6,"parentId":"48e5551f6d5739e92e0000e6","content":"Textbook questions if necessary"},{"_id":"48e91660e367859c4d0000be","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":3040089,"position":2.5,"parentId":"48e552026d5739e92e0000e4","content":"##Lesson 13 (pm)\nPreparation of esters"},{"_id":"48f642e4a6e4aca5c000014a","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":3040112,"position":1,"parentId":"48e91660e367859c4d0000be","content":"A few drops of concentrated sulfuric acid are added to a mix of an alcohol (e.g. octanol) and a carboxylic acid (e.g. ethanoic acid).\n\nThey are heated in a water bath for several minutes.\n\nThen they are poured into a beaker of sodium carbonate.\n\nFull details at http://www.nuffieldfoundation.org/node/3104"},{"_id":"48f6453ca6e4aca5c000014b","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":656740,"position":1,"parentId":"48f642e4a6e4aca5c000014a","content":"* Safety goggles, lab coats.\n\n* Chemicals dispensed in small quantities and handled by pipette-dropper"},{"_id":"48e916b2e367859c4d0000bf","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":649674,"position":2.75,"parentId":"48e552026d5739e92e0000e4","content":"##Lesson 14 (double)\nExtraction of caffeine"},{"_id":"48e917e5e367859c4d0000c0","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":649663,"position":2,"parentId":"482ec9559a5b4de33f00006e","content":"##Fats, Oils and Soaps"},{"_id":"4933cc3c8e6d1ff5cc00026b","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":686688,"position":1,"parentId":"48e917e5e367859c4d0000c0","content":"##Lesson 15 (Mon)\nFats and oils"},{"_id":"49388ec98e6d1ff5cc000270","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":689480,"position":1,"parentId":"4933cc3c8e6d1ff5cc00026b","content":"Check over homework"},{"_id":"4938908b8e6d1ff5cc000271","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":686691,"position":2,"parentId":"4933cc3c8e6d1ff5cc00026b","content":"Revisit structure of triglycerides"},{"_id":"49389e6c8e6d1ff5cc000276","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":686714,"position":1,"parentId":"4938908b8e6d1ff5cc000271","content":"Copy structure of glycerol."},{"_id":"493891718e6d1ff5cc000272","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":686695,"position":3,"parentId":"4933cc3c8e6d1ff5cc00026b","content":"Talk about saturated and unsaturated fats"},{"_id":"493892b58e6d1ff5cc000274","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":686696,"position":1,"parentId":"493891718e6d1ff5cc000272","content":"Make models of saturated and unsaturated hydrocarbons"},{"_id":"493892888e6d1ff5cc000273","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":686698,"position":4,"parentId":"4933cc3c8e6d1ff5cc00026b","content":"Question 1 on page 75 - challenging"},{"_id":"4933ccb58e6d1ff5cc00026c","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":688675,"position":2,"parentId":"48e917e5e367859c4d0000c0","content":"##Lesson 16 (Tues)\nHydrolysis and saponification"},{"_id":"4944c12dd06a8f21fb00007b","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":3045040,"position":1,"parentId":"4933ccb58e6d1ff5cc00026c","content":"###Starter"},{"_id":"494544e6d06a8f21fb000154","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":691565,"position":1.5,"parentId":"4933ccb58e6d1ff5cc00026c","content":"Going through homework corrections"},{"_id":"4944c16dd06a8f21fb00007c","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":691566,"position":2,"parentId":"4933ccb58e6d1ff5cc00026c","content":"###Main"},{"_id":"49457c35d06a8f21fb000155","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":691567,"position":2.5,"parentId":"4933ccb58e6d1ff5cc00026c","content":"Hand out photocopy about systematic name, with numbers"},{"_id":"49457ce9d06a8f21fb000156","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":691578,"position":2.75,"parentId":"4933ccb58e6d1ff5cc00026c","content":"Discuss hydrolysis, relate to other -lysis processes they'll have met. Notes should be taken if they're not 100% sure about this, along with condensation reactions."},{"_id":"49457f56d06a8f21fb000157","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":691728,"position":2.875,"parentId":"4933ccb58e6d1ff5cc00026c","content":"Learn about saponification. Polar molecules again! Amphiphilic ones! Emulsions, surface tension! Mono- and di-glycerides of fatty acids!"},{"_id":"4944c194d06a8f21fb00007d","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":3045652,"position":3,"parentId":"4933ccb58e6d1ff5cc00026c","content":"###Plenary\n\n"},{"_id":"592f50273e8553c2820000fa","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":3045656,"position":4,"parentId":"4933ccb58e6d1ff5cc00026c","content":"How to make a paperclip 'float' on water. How to sink it using detergent."},{"_id":"4936709c8e6d1ff5cc00026d","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":698472,"position":3,"parentId":"48e917e5e367859c4d0000c0","content":"##Lesson 17 (Wed a.m.)\nSaponification etc."},{"_id":"49515e0fd06a8f21fb000465","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":697723,"position":1,"parentId":"4936709c8e6d1ff5cc00026d","content":"###Starter:"},{"_id":"49516aebd06a8f21fb000466","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":697732,"position":2,"parentId":"4936709c8e6d1ff5cc00026d","content":"Pick a term from the board and define it. Make sure everyone's got all the definitions down."},{"_id":"49516c6fd06a8f21fb000467","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":698484,"position":3,"parentId":"4936709c8e6d1ff5cc00026d","content":"###Main:"},{"_id":"495207c2d06a8f21fb000469","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":698486,"position":4,"parentId":"4936709c8e6d1ff5cc00026d","content":"Quite a bit of book work to get through the summary questions."},{"_id":"495208c9d06a8f21fb00046a","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":698491,"position":5,"parentId":"4936709c8e6d1ff5cc00026d","content":"###Plenary:\n"},{"_id":"4936711e8e6d1ff5cc00026e","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":3045657,"position":4,"parentId":"48e917e5e367859c4d0000c0","content":"##Lesson 18 (Wed p.m.)\nSaturation of triglycerides"},{"_id":"495205dad06a8f21fb000468","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":698481,"position":1,"parentId":"4936711e8e6d1ff5cc00026e","content":"###Main:\nTesting degree of saturation of various oils and fats using bromine water"},{"_id":"4936741c8e6d1ff5cc00026f","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":3045662,"position":5,"parentId":"48e917e5e367859c4d0000c0","content":"##Lesson 19 (Thurs double)\nMaking soap"},{"_id":"4990c04ad3219bf740000089","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":729999,"position":2.5,"parentId":"482ec9559a5b4de33f00006e","content":"##Interlude: Unit 1 revision\n"},{"_id":"4990c27ad3219bf74000008a","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":730878,"position":1,"parentId":"4990c04ad3219bf740000089","content":"##Lesson 20 (Mon)\nGo through some past exam questions"},{"_id":"4994af54d3219bf74000008b","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":731728,"position":1,"parentId":"4990c27ad3219bf74000008a","content":"###Starter:\nRead through sheet about proteins."},{"_id":"4994b0bad3219bf74000008c","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":731731,"position":2,"parentId":"4990c27ad3219bf74000008a","content":"###Main:\nGo through exam questions."},{"_id":"49bb3deee57a212e29000290","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":750825,"position":2,"parentId":"4990c04ad3219bf740000089","content":"##Lesson 21 (Wed a.m.)\nGoing through exam questions, plus a bit on proteins"},{"_id":"49bb3f90e57a212e29000291","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":750826,"position":3,"parentId":"4990c04ad3219bf740000089","content":"##Lesson 22 (Wed p.m.)\nLonger exam questions"},{"_id":"49bb404be57a212e29000292","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":750841,"position":4,"parentId":"4990c04ad3219bf740000089","content":"##Lesson 23 (Thu double)\nAny Unit 1 questions/corrections of practice paper for 25-30 minutes, then test in exam conditions."},{"_id":"49bb46fce57a212e29000294","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":750844,"position":1,"parentId":"49bb404be57a212e29000292","content":"Homework - finish protein worksheet"},{"_id":"49fd49a7f88c72c867000099","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":781348,"position":5,"parentId":"4990c04ad3219bf740000089","content":"##Lesson 24 (Monday)\nExam debrief"},{"_id":"49fd4a7cf88c72c86700009a","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":781613,"position":6,"parentId":"4990c04ad3219bf740000089","content":"##Lesson 25 (Tue)\nIonisation energy and more polarity"},{"_id":"49feaa24f88c72c867000244","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":782334,"position":0.5,"parentId":"49fd4a7cf88c72c86700009a","content":"Starter:\nHomework questions."},{"_id":"49fd4bfdf88c72c86700009b","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":781545,"position":1,"parentId":"49fd4a7cf88c72c86700009a","content":"Ionisation energy *is*:\nThe energy required to remove one mole of electrons from one mole of atoms (or molecules) in the gaseous state.\n"},{"_id":"49fd797df88c72c86700009c","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":781600,"position":2,"parentId":"49fd4a7cf88c72c86700009a","content":"It follows these trends:\n* Higher towards the right of the table (even up to the noble gases)\n* Lower towards the bottom\n* Mostly."},{"_id":"49fd7ca8f88c72c86700009d","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":781629,"position":3,"parentId":"49fd4a7cf88c72c86700009a","content":"A *polar bond* between two atoms occurs if their electronegativity is different enough for one atom to lose part of its charge to the other.\n\nThe *partial charge* on an atom is written δ+ (delta plus) and δ− (delta minus).\n\nA chemical is *polar* if it includes polar bonds in an asymmetric configuration."},{"_id":"49fdac3ff88c72c8670000a0","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":781630,"position":1,"parentId":"49fd7ca8f88c72c86700009d","content":"Refer to diagrams of solvation by water molecules."},{"_id":"48e9191fe367859c4d0000c1","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":649655,"position":3,"parentId":"482ec9559a5b4de33f00006e","content":"##Proteins"},{"_id":"49fd811df88c72c86700009f","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":781604,"position":1,"parentId":"48e9191fe367859c4d0000c1","content":"##Lesson 26 (Wed a.m.)\nMore proteins"},{"_id":"49fdad7df88c72c8670000a1","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":781631,"position":1,"parentId":"49fd811df88c72c86700009f","content":"Ensure the following terms are defined:\n"},{"_id":"49fdaf86f88c72c8670000a2","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":781648,"position":2,"parentId":"49fd811df88c72c86700009f","content":"* Amino acid\nA compound with an amine group, a carboxyl group and a side-chain which is specific to the amino acid."},{"_id":"49fdb458f88c72c8670000a3","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":781657,"position":1,"parentId":"49fdaf86f88c72c8670000a2","content":""},{"_id":"49fdb8b5f88c72c8670000a5","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":781669,"position":2,"parentId":"49fdaf86f88c72c8670000a2","content":"22 'standard' amino acids\n8 'essential' amino acids (for humans)\n500 or so others!"},{"_id":"49fdba82f88c72c8670000a6","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":781672,"position":3,"parentId":"49fdaf86f88c72c8670000a2","content":"Can be an energy source"},{"_id":"49fdb6dcf88c72c8670000a4","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":781692,"position":3,"parentId":"49fd811df88c72c86700009f","content":"* Peptide\nA polymer chain consisting of amino acids."},{"_id":"49fdbe81f88c72c8670000a7","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":781718,"position":1,"parentId":"49fdb6dcf88c72c8670000a4","content":"Between about 2 and 50 amino acids, with peptide bonds (aka amide links) between them."},{"_id":"49fdc144f88c72c8670000a8","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":781742,"position":2,"parentId":"49fdb6dcf88c72c8670000a4","content":"Formed by a condensation reaction (like the formation of esters)."},{"_id":"49fdcc8df88c72c8670000a9","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":781857,"position":4,"parentId":"49fd811df88c72c86700009f","content":"* Protein\nA large biological molecule consisting of one or more long peptide chains"},{"_id":"4a0797bcdcb729d17a000144","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":787432,"position":5,"parentId":"49fd811df88c72c86700009f","content":"A bit more discussion of proteins - their role in cooking as well as life."},{"_id":"4a0b67c5f88c72c867000520","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":787436,"position":1,"parentId":"4a0797bcdcb729d17a000144","content":"Things to get in there:\n* Proteins as glue for food\n* Aeration\n* Fluorescence microscopy\n* Royal jelly"},{"_id":"4a0b71b8f88c72c867000521","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":787460,"position":2,"parentId":"4a0797bcdcb729d17a000144","content":"Looking at 3D models of some proteins (and/or dipeptides/oligopeptides?). Spotting the amide links, identifying some of the constituent amino acids."},{"_id":"4a0b7d5df88c72c867000522","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":787594,"position":3,"parentId":"4a0797bcdcb729d17a000144","content":"Check out 'In Search of More Solutions' for activity on aspartame and [this page](http://hazards.tees.ac.uk/rams3/documents/Ink%20Chromatography.pdf) for amino acid chromatography\n\n'Reality of Nutrition' activity is probably way too in-depth?"},{"_id":"4a07999fdcb729d17a000145","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":785252,"position":6,"parentId":"49fd811df88c72c86700009f","content":"A couple of answers from the textbook\n"},{"_id":"4a0b82ddf88c72c867000523","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":787510,"position":2,"parentId":"48e9191fe367859c4d0000c1","content":"##Lesson 27 (Wed p.m.)\nQuestions on proteins"},{"_id":"4a0b8396f88c72c867000524","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":787513,"position":1,"parentId":"4a0b82ddf88c72c867000523","content":"Finish that sheet, and answer Summary Questions from the textbook."},{"_id":"4a0b85e4f88c72c867000525","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":787518,"position":2,"parentId":"4a0b82ddf88c72c867000523","content":"Revisit reaction rates, briefly - check that everyone worked through the Checklists for Revision when they were revising for the test."},{"_id":"4a1807e2f88c72c86700066b","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":792507,"position":3,"parentId":"48e9191fe367859c4d0000c1","content":"##Lesson 28 (Thu double)\nMore on proteins??"},{"_id":"4a18092ff88c72c86700066c","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":792897,"position":1,"parentId":"4a1807e2f88c72c86700066b","content":"Homework: all study questions from Bonding in Compounds chapter (?) *and* pick a flavour/aroma compound and research it. Write at least 200 words on:\n* What type of compound it is\n* Whether it's polar\n* How volatile, and why (molecular weight, polarity)\n* What foods it's found in\nc.f. http://gernot-katzers-spice-pages.com/engl/index.html\n\nAlso, read up on fluorescence microscopy now that the Nobel Prize has been awarded for it!"},{"_id":"48e91950e367859c4d0000c2","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":649656,"position":4,"parentId":"482ec9559a5b4de33f00006e","content":"##The Chemistry of Cooking and Oxidation of Food"},{"_id":"4ab354985493bdb6100000b5","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":853071,"position":1,"parentId":"48e91950e367859c4d0000c2","content":"##Lesson 29 (Wed a.m.)"},{"_id":"4ab358b65493bdb6100000b8","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":853075,"position":1,"parentId":"4ab354985493bdb6100000b5","content":"###Starter"},{"_id":"4ab358f75493bdb6100000b9","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":853089,"position":2,"parentId":"4ab354985493bdb6100000b5","content":"Cut apple. Why might lemon juice keep it from oxidising?"},{"_id":"4ab366ed5493bdb6100000bd","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":853090,"position":3,"parentId":"4ab354985493bdb6100000b5","content":"###Main"},{"_id":"4ab367325493bdb6100000be","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":853097,"position":4,"parentId":"4ab354985493bdb6100000b5","content":"Go through homework on flavour compounds. Everyone shares their findings with the class."},{"_id":"4ab368915493bdb6100000bf","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":853102,"position":5,"parentId":"4ab354985493bdb6100000b5","content":"Demonstrate some aromas - eugenol, thymol, vanillin, capsaicin?"},{"_id":"4ab36a135493bdb6100000c1","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":853104,"position":1,"parentId":"4ab368915493bdb6100000bf","content":"Can I get some kind of a perfume in for this?"},{"_id":"4ab369de5493bdb6100000c0","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":853106,"position":6,"parentId":"4ab354985493bdb6100000b5","content":"Look at and identify compounds used in various processed foods."},{"_id":"4ab36c1d5493bdb6100000c2","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":853191,"position":7,"parentId":"4ab354985493bdb6100000b5","content":""},{"_id":"4ab356275493bdb6100000b6","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":853072,"position":2,"parentId":"48e91950e367859c4d0000c2","content":"##Lesson 30 (Wed p.m.)"},{"_id":"4ab3c42b5493bdb6100000c3","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":853349,"position":1,"parentId":"4ab356275493bdb6100000b6","content":"Caramelisation experiment?"},{"_id":"4ab356aa5493bdb6100000b7","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":853074,"position":3,"parentId":"48e91950e367859c4d0000c2","content":"##Lesson 31 (Thu double)\nDenaturing practical (coffee & soy milk)"},{"_id":"4ab365a85493bdb6100000bc","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":3045021,"position":0.25,"parentId":"4ab356aa5493bdb6100000b7","content":"###Starter\n\n* Coffee sometimes curdles soy milk. What does that mean, chemically?"},{"_id":"4ab3c49d5493bdb6100000c4","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":3045020,"position":0.625,"parentId":"4ab356aa5493bdb6100000b7","content":"###Main"},{"_id":"4ab3c5c45493bdb6100000c5","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":3045019,"position":0.65625,"parentId":"4ab356aa5493bdb6100000b7","content":"Discussion: \n\n* What factors *might* make it more likely that the soy milk would curdle?\n* What could we do to minimise the chance?\n * Add milk first or second?\n * Allow coffee to cool?\n * Change pH of coffee?\n * Heat it to increase acidity?\n * Make it with an Aeropress to decrease it?\n * Dilute/concentrate it?\n * Warm the milk?\n * Stir thoroughly?\n* Form hypotheses about these things. Test them."},{"_id":"4ab3633f5493bdb6100000ba","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":853195,"position":0.6875,"parentId":"4ab356aa5493bdb6100000b7","content":"###Homework"},{"_id":"4ab363b75493bdb6100000bb","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":853087,"position":0.75,"parentId":"4ab356aa5493bdb6100000b7","content":"Research the use of vitamins C and E in processed food. Why are they often used together?"},{"_id":"4b133528be1ad079200000d2","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":900617,"position":4,"parentId":"48e91950e367859c4d0000c2","content":"##Lesson 32 (Mon a.m.)\nFlash card exercises - revision of unit to date"},{"_id":"4b13363dbe1ad079200000d3","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":900643,"position":5,"parentId":"48e91950e367859c4d0000c2","content":"##Lesson 33 (Tue a.m.)\nFragrances"},{"_id":"4b133d17be1ad079200000d4","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":900645,"position":1,"parentId":"4b13363dbe1ad079200000d3","content":"Introducing terpenes"},{"_id":"4b133d5dbe1ad079200000d5","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":900648,"position":2,"parentId":"4b13363dbe1ad079200000d3","content":"Revising naming conventions"},{"_id":"4b205ffdbe1ad07920000253","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":905771,"position":6,"parentId":"48e91950e367859c4d0000c2","content":"##Lesson 34 (Wed a.m.)\nRecap - mainly study questions"},{"_id":"4b20c542be1ad07920000256","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":906007,"position":1,"parentId":"4b205ffdbe1ad07920000253","content":"Also:\n* Antioxidants\n* Oxidising agents used to detect reducing substances"},{"_id":"4b20605cbe1ad07920000254","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":905683,"position":7,"parentId":"48e91950e367859c4d0000c2","content":"##Lesson 35 (Wed p.m.)"},{"_id":"4b2060c5be1ad07920000255","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":905685,"position":8,"parentId":"48e91950e367859c4d0000c2","content":"##Lesson 36 (Thurs double)"},{"_id":"48e919efe367859c4d0000c3","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":649658,"position":5,"parentId":"482ec9559a5b4de33f00006e","content":"##Fragrances"},{"_id":"4b6f5dc01ea3d4556700018a","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":946306,"position":1,"parentId":"48e919efe367859c4d0000c3","content":"##Monday\n"},{"_id":"4b6feec91ea3d4556700018c","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":946309,"position":2,"parentId":"48e919efe367859c4d0000c3","content":""},{"_id":"48e91a27e367859c4d0000c4","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":649659,"position":6,"parentId":"482ec9559a5b4de33f00006e","content":"##Skin care"},{"_id":"4b6fef471ea3d4556700018d","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":946311,"position":1,"parentId":"48e91a27e367859c4d0000c4","content":"##Tuesday"},{"_id":"4f541f3fe04b623c6c0000d5","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":3045025,"position":2.5,"parentId":null,"content":"# Between Units/Research Project"},{"_id":"4f541fe1e04b623c6c0000d6","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1537373,"position":1,"parentId":"4f541f3fe04b623c6c0000d5","content":"##Introduction"},{"_id":"4f5421bde04b623c6c0000d7","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1537377,"position":1,"parentId":"4f541fe1e04b623c6c0000d6","content":"10 minutes of extra time on test"},{"_id":"4f54233de04b623c6c0000d8","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1537379,"position":2,"parentId":"4f541fe1e04b623c6c0000d6","content":"10 minutes' discussion of antioxidant projects"},{"_id":"482ec9f29a5b4de33f00006f","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":3045024,"position":3,"parentId":null,"content":"# Unit 3: Chemistry in Society"},{"_id":"4f5429d8e04b623c6c0000d9","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1537382,"position":1,"parentId":"482ec9f29a5b4de33f00006f","content":"##Getting The Most From Reactants"},{"_id":"4f542fade04b623c6c0000e3","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1537406,"position":1,"parentId":"4f5429d8e04b623c6c0000d9","content":"###Key Concepts:\n * Feedstock\n * Raw Material\n * Environmental Considerations\n * Designing Processes"},{"_id":"4f542aabe04b623c6c0000da","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1537383,"position":2,"parentId":"482ec9f29a5b4de33f00006f","content":"##Calculations From Equations"},{"_id":"4f542fdde04b623c6c0000e4","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1537410,"position":1,"parentId":"4f542aabe04b623c6c0000da","content":"###Key Concepts:\n * Moles and Molar Volume\n * Balanced Equations and Mass\n * Molar Concentration "},{"_id":"50104dad25042bc4980005a5","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1647782,"position":1,"parentId":"4f542fdde04b623c6c0000e4","content":"Lots to practise here - relations between different units and concepts.\n\nStudents may need quite a few examples before they feel confident."},{"_id":"4f542aeae04b623c6c0000db","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1537384,"position":3,"parentId":"482ec9f29a5b4de33f00006f","content":"##Percentage Yield and Atom Economy"},{"_id":"4f542b4ee04b623c6c0000dc","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1537412,"position":1,"parentId":"4f542aeae04b623c6c0000db","content":"###Key Concepts:\n * Percentage Yield\n * Atom Economy\n * Thing 3"},{"_id":"4f542b84e04b623c6c0000dd","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1537386,"position":4,"parentId":"482ec9f29a5b4de33f00006f","content":"##Equilibria"},{"_id":"4f542dd4e04b623c6c0000e2","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1537678,"position":1,"parentId":"4f542b84e04b623c6c0000dd","content":"###Key Concepts:\n * Dynamic Equilibrium\n * Closed System\n * Le Chatelier's Principle\n * Haber Process"},{"_id":"4f542bc9e04b623c6c0000de","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1537387,"position":5,"parentId":"482ec9f29a5b4de33f00006f","content":"##Chemical Energy"},{"_id":"4f54b015e04b623c6c0000ea","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1537683,"position":0.5,"parentId":"4f542bc9e04b623c6c0000de","content":"###Key Concepts:\n * Hess's Law"},{"_id":"4f54b03ee04b623c6c0000eb","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1537686,"position":1,"parentId":"4f54b015e04b623c6c0000ea","content":"The enthalpy change of a chemical reaction depends only on the chemical nature and physical states of the reactants and products and is independent of any intermediate steps"},{"_id":"4f543038e04b623c6c0000e5","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1537689,"position":1,"parentId":"4f542bc9e04b623c6c0000de","content":" * Enthalpy of Combustion\n * Enthalpy of Neutralisation\n * Enthalpy of Solution\n * Molar Bond Enthalpy"},{"_id":"4f54afaee04b623c6c0000e9","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1537681,"position":2,"parentId":"4f542bc9e04b623c6c0000de","content":"\n"},{"_id":"4f542c0ae04b623c6c0000df","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1537388,"position":6,"parentId":"482ec9f29a5b4de33f00006f","content":"##Redox Redux"},{"_id":"4f54305fe04b623c6c0000e6","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1537718,"position":1,"parentId":"4f542c0ae04b623c6c0000df","content":"###Key Concepts:\n * Displacement Reactions\n * Electrochemical Series\n * Redox Reactions\n * Oxidation\n * Reduction\n * Oxidising and Reducing Agents\n * Spectator ions"},{"_id":"4f542cf1e04b623c6c0000e0","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1537759,"position":7,"parentId":"482ec9f29a5b4de33f00006f","content":"##Chromatography"},{"_id":"4f543080e04b623c6c0000e7","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1537764,"position":1,"parentId":"4f542cf1e04b623c6c0000e0","content":"###Key Concepts:\n * Chromatography\n * Gas Liquid Chromatography \n * Mobile Phase\n * Stationary Phase\n * Retention Time\n * Difference in Separation based on Size and Polarity"},{"_id":"4f542d64e04b623c6c0000e1","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1537390,"position":8,"parentId":"482ec9f29a5b4de33f00006f","content":"##Volumetric Analysis"},{"_id":"4f5430a3e04b623c6c0000e8","treeId":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","seq":1537770,"position":1,"parentId":"4f542d64e04b623c6c0000e1","content":"###Key Concepts:\n * Quantities of Unknown Reagents\n * Redox Equation\n * End Point\n * Standard Solution\n * Indicator ('a chemical dye added to a titration to detect the end point')"}],"tree":{"_id":"47eb4a3f7e9aecd20100003f","name":"Chemistry Highers","publicUrl":"chemistry-highers"}}