#Sätze
Sentences
#Wort Hören Nicht
Words Difficult to Hear
#Untershiedlich
Differences between similar words
#Other Vocabulary
#Deutsch Interaktiv A1.1
#Wesentliche I & II
Basics I & II
#Wendung
Phrases
#Essen
Food
#Tiere
Animals
#Plurale
Plurals
#Adjektive
Adjectives
#Kleidung
Clothing
#Nominativ Pronomen
Nominative Pronouns
#Familie
Family
#Akkusativ Pronomen
Accusative Pronouns
#Konjunktionen
Conjunctions
#Haushalt
Household
#Fragen
Questions
#Dativ
Dative Case
#Zahlen
Numbers
#Dativ Pronomen
Dative Pronouns
#Negativ
Negatives
#Menschen
People
#Reise
Travel
#Farben
Colors
#Sie Formale
Formal You
#Beruf
Occupation
#Vergleich
Comparison
#Qualifikation
Qualifiers
#A. Pred. 2
#Verbs: Present 2
#Dates & Time
As soon as you see, I see.
I see the man.
I eat an apple.
Ja… Aber was, wenn alles klappt?
They are sleeping on a big bed.
Mit welchem Lehrer trinkst du Tee?
From which cup do you drink?
He is not well.
With which children are you?
I come with both my parents.
He comes from Switzerland.
What is the woman talking about
Every coworker is important to us.
Wir erkennen nichts.
Prüfen Sie das.
This neck is appealing to me.
Haben Sie das Buch durch?
This is from Bavaria.
Before, during or after the meal?
I do not know why you do not like him.
That is all I know about him.
Ich weiß wer du bist.
Was meinen die Experten
Please close the door.
We are going to Hamburg.
Ich trinke nie/niemals Tee mit Zitrone
They are fine.
You are similar to a mouse.
The man is similar to the woman.
Whose bottle of wine is that?
No matter how tall it is?
I am quite opposed to cars.
He is going onto the roof.
Wir sprechen von auto.
If he does not come, we do not drive.
You are free to go home.
The heater does not work.
Schleißen Sie die Tür ab.
That does not concern you.
Wann gehst du schwimmen?
She replaces the baby with a black dog.
I come with both of my parents
She is working since 5 o’clock in the morning
The girls are going for a walk.
As you know.
Plötzlich sind wir zu Haus
Ich gehe gewöhnlich um zehn ins Bett
Die Züge fahren alle zwei Stunden.
Das ist doch egal.
You are a student.
Nothing is wrong.
Your horse is worth it.
Der Monat Juli
Das geht auf Dauer nicht.
Sie liest uns die Zeitung vor.
She reads after lunch.
The kids are putting the plates on the table.
Wir sind von unserer Lehrerin begeistert.
Apart from him no one is reading the menu.
Ich bin außer mir vor Freude.
Once in a while
There is a man at the door.
The teachers test me, I don’t know yet how.
Thanks, I see the point in time.
I miss the animal.
Es fehlen keine Eier.
We do not want health insurance.
Ich mache alles, was du möchtest!
I am serious.
No kidding?
das geht aufs Haus
Er mag weder Äpfel noch Eier.
Have you finished the book yet?
Die guten Schwestern spielen gerne.
Er spricht wieder mit seinem Bruder.
ich schlafe gerne in meinem Bett
November ist auch gut.
Your books are as interesting as ever.
Ich laufe von meinem Haus weg.
Sie ist bis heute dort.
Ich sehe es mir sofort an.
What about my examination?
She is still eating.
Hören die Kinder zu?
No, I do not think so.
Das glauben wir.
Completely through?
I am going for a walk with her.
You have your third husband.
Where does this bus go?
Mit ihm hat man Spaß
Ich bin außer mir vor Freude
Ist für Sie alles ein Spaß?
It is a plate of rice
That does not concern you.
I do not know where my watch is.
My house is not that big
I do not know anything about him.
Thoughts are free.
No, I do not have it with me.
Er kocht damit es Essen gibt
I do not know that myself
Do not speak to him while he is driving
Die bleiben hier.
Habt ihr das Buch schon durch?
The hardship is already visible
Das Hoffe ich auch
The author himself is a lawyer
At last he eats his lunch
With that the group is complete.
Believe me!
Cook the noodles yourself.
I speak to the heart.
They are already in the house.
He thus does not help her.
We have nothing in common.
I am more or less perfect.
I don’t care what I pay.
What is the woman talking about?
Die Spiegel gehören dazu.
Dazu haben sie drei Tage.
We are adding the egg.
We are adding the egg.
He is as good as them.
Only once a year?
No, I do not feel like it.
She goes once a month.
Weiß er je, wohin er geht?
Ich stehe meistens um acht auf.
Nevertheless each one of them is individual.
Mir reicht es jedenfalls.
Alle haben ihn gern.
Usually the grandparents come every two days.
No, I barely drink alcohol.
Wie sieht die Uhr von innen aus?
However that is not always useful.
By the weekend at latest
The doctor sees the heart from inside
By the weekend at latest we will be gone.
The guest is on top of the hill.
What does the clock look like from inside?
We listen.
We are only young once.
With that we are done.
Now, I have certainly had enough.
On the big day?
I usually get up at eight.
His thoughts are with the parents.
Everything seems to be going fast.
My friends are looking for me.
I am committed to my friend.
Let us collect him.
They are among us!
Glauben Sie mir erneut.
Are you still not gone?
That is generally right.
That is not good at all.
Those are the two forms.
I sleep in the evening.
I pay for your food.
We are examining what happened.
However they do not admit that.
Er steigt aus.
Steigen Sie auf das Pferd!
Both genders are singing.
Sie singt sehr klar.
This data is incorrect.
What do they hope?
It is not enough.
Sie stellt mich ihrem Bruder nicht vor.
Please introduce me to her.
She is working since five o’clock in the morning.
He is not drinking with his wife.
You do not believe that yourself!
Even you do not believe that!
Does she know you?
Und dann geht es nach Hause.
I am waiting for my friend.
I hope for red dresses.
I hope that this is not too easy for you.
There are two people in the house.
I hope that you and my sister are doing fine.
Der Hals ist dann kaum sichtbar.
Either as a pet or as meat
That is something else.
A pair of shoes.
Lunch is at my parents’ house.
However, it is not possible.
We are examining what happened.
So you not drink your beer?
während
Räume
Rasierer
Nutzer
hoch
hören
eindeutig
wer
Werktagen
Maße
suche
fehlt
steigen
Verständnis
durch
jedes vs. alles
in vs. nach
if you’re going to a country or geographic destination, you almost always use nach—as in nach Berlin or nach Deutschland. But there are always exceptions to the rule: in die Schweiz, to Switzerland. The rule for the exception is that feminine (die) and plural countries (die USA) use in instead of nach.
mit vs. bei
bereits vs. schon- needs explanation
morgen vs. Morgen
der Morgen = the morning
morgen = tomorrow
ganz vs. vollig- needs explanation
akzeptiert vs. annehmen
fehlen vs. verpassen
erkennen vs. kennen
kenne vs. weiße
“wissen” is always about knowlege (understanding something).
“kennen” is more like “to know something” or “to know someone”, e. g. “Ich kenne das Verfahren” (“I know that procedure”) or “Ich kenne diese Person” (“I know this person”).
ganz vs. alle vs. sehr- needs explanation
Sie vs. sie
“Sie” = formal You
“sie” = they or she
Note that you can distinguish the formal “Sie” from the plural “sie” (they), because the formal “Sie” will always be capitalized, but it will remain ambiguous at the beginning of written sentences. For instance, “Sie sind schön.” can either refer to a beautiful individual or a beautiful group of people.
ihr vs. ihr
ihr = her
ihr = you (plural)
Er vs. Ihm
nicht vs. nichts
niemand vs. keiner
niemals vs. niemand- needs explanation
wenn vs. wann
leben vs. wohnen- needs explanation
essen vs. fressen
animals eat = fressen
humans eat = essen
das Verständnis - the understanding
Der Herbst - the fall
die Sprache - language
die Muttersprache - native language
auch - also
die Stadt - city
die Haupstadt - the capital of
Nachname - last name
Vorname - first name
zahlen - to count
die Kirche - church
Musik - music
Sport - sports
der Kirchenchor - church choir
die Probe - rehearsel
gern - much
arbeiten - to work
studieren - to study
Fragewort - question word
lieblingszahl - favorite number
buchstabiert - to spell
größte - biggest, largest
leben - to live
das Kreuz - the cross
die Nationalsprache - the national language
ungefähr - approximately
die Flaffe - the flag
das Jahr - the year
Teil - part
der Nachbar - the neighbor
die Kellnerin - waitress
die Schwiegermutter - mother-in-law
die Geschaftskollegin - business colleage
sagen - say
aufsagen - recite
rechnen - calculate
drei mal zehn macht - three times ten equals
mitkommen - to come along
freizeitplan - free schedule
tanzen - to dance
die Altstadt - the old part of town
das Fussballspiel - soccer match
die Ausstellung - the exhibitioin
die Kelten - the Celts
der Bankräuber - the bank robber
uberfallen - to rob
suchen nach - to look fo
lang - long
dunn - thin
dick - fat
ausprobieren - to try something
liegt im Western von Deutschland - is situated in the west of Germany
im Norden von - in the north of
im Western von - in the west of
im Osten von - in the east of
im Suden von - in the South of
Wie heissen Sie? - what’s your name?
Welche Sprachen…? - Which languages?
gib mir… - give me… (an A!)
bitte buchstabieren Sie - please spell
die Stadt, in der Sie wohnen - the town you live in
Sehen Sie sich an - watch
mein Leiblingstag - my favorite day
mein Lieblingsfach - my favorite subject
Welcher Tag kommt nach Montag - which day comes after Monday
Gertern war - yesterday was
Kommt nach - comes after
…mag ich nicht so gern - I don’t like __ so much
Wie alt bist du? - How old are you?
Was machst du? - What do you do?
Wie buchstabiert man das? - How do you spell that?
Deutsch ist die Nationalsprache von Deutschland und von Österreich - German is the national language of Germany and of Austria
In Deutschland leben ungefähr 82 Millionen Menschen - Approximately 82 million people live in Germany
Berlin ist auch mit 3,5 Millionen Menschen - Berlin also has 3.5 million people
Wo spricht man Deutsch - Where one speaks German
rot mit weißem Kreuz - red with white cross
wird ohne Artikel benutzt - is used without an article
die Sie nicht gut kenne - who you do not know well
fragen, wie jemand heißt - ask how someone is
fragen, ob jemand Englisch spricht - ask if someone speaks English
liegt in der Nähe von Freiburg - lies in the proximity of Freiburg
was wissen Sie über Katya - what do you know about Katya
bei wem lebt sie - with whom she lives
auf dem Weg ins Kino - on the way to the cinema
warum kommst du nicht mit - why don’t you come
ist morgen was los? - is something going on tomorrow?
einen guten Film sehen - to watch a good movie
ich möchte gern hören - I would like to hear
ich bin - I am
du bist - you (singular) are
er/sie/es ist - he/she/it is
wir sind - we are
ihr seid -you (guys) are
sie sind - they are
Sie sind - you (formal) are
das Brot - the bread
der Apfel - the newspaper
die Zeitung - the newspaper
die Schülerin - the student
Ich esse - I eat
Du isst - You eat
Er isst - He ears
Wir essen - We eat
Ich lerne - I learn
Du lernst - You learn
Er lernt - He learns
Wir lernen - We learn
Ich lese - I read
Du liest - You read
Er lernt - He reads
Wir lesen - We read
Ich spiele - I play
Du spielst - You play
Er spielt - He plays
Wir spielen - We play
Ich sehe - I see
Du siehst - You see
Sie sieht - She sees
Wir sehen - We see
Hallo! - Hello!
Ich danke sie - I thank her
links - left / to the left
rechts - right / to the right
Grüße - Regards
nein - No
Vorname - first name
gut - good
schlecht - bad
Danke! - Thank you!
der Reis - rice
der Wein - wine
der Fisch - fish
das Bier - beer
die Küche - kitchen
die Milch - milk
das Gemüse - vegetables
der Koch - cook
die Suppe - soup
der Tee - tea
die Tasse - cup
das Glas - glass
das Sandwich - sandwich
das Obst - fruit
der Käse - cheese
die Nudeln - pasta
die Orange - orange
das Ei - egg
das Essen - food
die Erdbeere - strawberry
der Teller - plate
die Flasche - bottle
das Frühstück - breakfast
der Saft - juice
der Löffel - spoon
die Tomate - tomato
das Öl - oil
die Diät - diet
das Hähnchen - chicken
der Alkohol - alcohol
das Salz - salt
die Kartoffel - potato
der Zucker - sugar
die Ernährung - nutrition
die Schüssel - bowl
das Rezept - recipe
der Geschmack - taste
die Zitrone - lemon
das Menü - menu
der Kaffee - coffee
das Mittagessen - lunch
der Apfel - apple
das Pferd - the horse
der Vogel - the bird
die Ente - the duck
der Hund - the dog
die Katze - the cat
die Maus - the mouse
der Bär - the bear
der Elefant - the elephant
die Tierwelt - the fauna
der Wolf - the wolf
das Tier - the animal
die Biene - the bee
die Fliege - the fly
das Haustier - the pet
das Insekt - the insect
die Kuh - the cow
Männer - men
Äpfel - apples
Immobilien - properties
Enten - ducks
Babys - babies
Katzen - cats
Jungs - boys
Hunde - dogs
Bücher - books
Häuser - houses
Eier - eggs
Kinder - children
Töchter - daughters
Pferde - horses
Elefanten - elephants
die Nummer - number
die Anzahl - number
die Zahl - number; numeral; figure
Zahlen - numbers
der Präsident - president
die Milliarde - billion
Milliarden - billions
Millionen - million; millions
die Millionen - the million
der Fischer - fisherman
das Prozent - percent
die Hälfte - half
die Summe - sum
der Administrator - administrator
der Apfelsaft - apple juice
die Maße - measures; metrics; mass
Maßnahmen - measures; sanctions
hungrig - hungry
weiß - white
alt - old
wichtig - important
schön - (beautiful) pretty
teuer - expensive
kostenlos - free (of charge)
schwer - (difficult; hard) heavy
hoch - (tall,) high
falsch - wrong (incorrect)
länger - longer
gesund - healthy
ausgezeichnet - excellent
voll - full
kurz - short
hilfreich - helpful
frei - free (available)
groß - big
klar - clear
möglich - possible
unbekannt - unknown
leicht - light
verfügbar - available
toll - amazing
ein paar - some (a pair)
wirklich - (genuine,) real
notwendig - necessary
aktuell - (up to date,) current
früh - early
bereit - ready
kalt - cold
speziell - (particular;) special
schwarz - black
blau - blue
grün - green
braun - brown
gelb - yellow
grau - grey
stark - strong
schnell - fast
plötzlich - suddenly
langsam - slow (slowly, low)
perfekt - perfect
interessant - interesting
besser - better
normal - (normal, standard,) ordinary
richtig - right (correct, accurate)
praktisch - practical (practically, concrete)
genau - exact (exactly)
positiv - (positively,) positive
gemeinsam - common
einfach - simple (simply, easy)
rund - round (about, approximately)
wahrscheinlich - probably (probable, likely)
rot - red
rosa - pink
beginnen - to begin
bezahlen - to pay
brauchen - to need
bringen - to bring
gehen - to go
kennen - to know
laufen - to walk
lernen - to learn
lesen - to read
mögen - to like
reichen - to be enough
rennen - to run
schlafen - to sleep
schreiben - to write
schwimmen - to swim
sehen - to see
spielen - to plaz
sprechen - to speak
verpassen - to miss
waschen - to wash
das Hemd - shirt
das Kleid - dress
Kleider - dresses
der Hut - hat
der Rock - skirt
der Schuh - shoe
Röcke - skirts
der Mantel - coat
Jacken - jackets
die Jacke - jacket
die Kleidung - clothes; clothing
die Bekleidung - clothing; attire
Hemden - shirts
der Schmuck - jewelry
die Tasche - bag
die Krone - crown
die Kosmetik - cosmetics
Taschen - bags
der Mini - Mini (car)
das Leder - leather
das - this, that
jed, jede, jedes - all, every, each
viel, viele - a lot, many
dein, deine - your
sein (nom. pronoun) - his, its
mein, meine - mine
unser, unsere - our
alles - all (objects)
alle - all (people)
euer - your
dies, diese - this, that
welch, welche - which, what, which one
man - one (i.e. One does not do something)
ihr - her
niemand - no one, nobody
beide - both (i.e. you both, you two)
jemand - someone, somebody
manch, mache - some
Eltern - parents
der Sohn - son
die Mutter - mother
der Vater - father
die Tochter - daughter
der Bruder - brother
die Schwester - sister
Geschwister - siblings
die Hochzeit - marriage
Brüder - brothers
Schwestern - sisters
Familien - families
die Schwangerschaft - pregnancy
die Beziehung - relationship
Töchter - daughters
der Partner - partner
die Partnerschaft - partnership
Großmutter - grandmother
Großeltern - grandparents
der Großvater - grandfather
die Familie - family
ihn - him
ander, andere - other, different
dich - you
uns - us
euch - you
mich - me
euer, eure, euren - your
sobald - as soon as
nachdem - after
obwohl - although
da - since
entweder - either
sofern - provided that
doch - however
solange - as long as, so long as
sowie - as well as
The cat sees the dog after it sees the mouse.
As long as we are better.
He sleeps as soon as he goes to bed.
das Haus - house
der Schlüssel - key
das Bett - bed
der Stuhl - chair
das Sofa - sofa
die Tür - door
das Fenster - window
die Wohnung - apartment
die Krippe - crib
das Bad - bath
das Licht - light
die Villa - villa
die Lampe - lamp
das Spielzeug - toy
das Dach - roof
die Toilette - bathroom
der Bau - building
die Reinigung - cleaning
die Heizung - radiator
der Balkon - balcony
das Werkzeug - tool
die Wand - wall
das Tor - gate; goal
der Umzug - move; removal; procession
das Schlafzimmer - bedroom
der Keller - cellar
der Spiegel - mirror
die Einrichtung - institution
Haushaltsgeräte - household appliances
das Gerät - device; apparatus; machine; piece of equipment
der Raum - room; space
die Möbel - furniture; piece of furniture
der Wohnort - residence; place of residence
der Haushalt - the household
Immobilien - properties; real estate
Geräte - apparatuses; machines; equipment
der Regenschirm - umbrella
der Schlaf - the sleep
fest - sound/hard/strong
Der Leiter bringt das Gerät.
Ich habe einen Teller.
Ich mag den Löffel nicht.
His apartment has stairs.
Schlaf dich aus!
Do not fall asleep.
Dieser Haushalt ist perfekt.
Er braucht den Rasierer.
His sleep is strong.
wer - who
was - what
wo - where
wann - when
warum - why
wie - how
wofür - for which, for what, what for
wohin - where
die Antwort - answer
worüber - about which, about what
wieso - why
wieviel - how much
die Frage/Fragen - question
wen - whom
wenn - when/if/if only
Wohin bringt man euch?
Worüber spricht sie?
Why are you early?
Nobody else has answers.
Where are we going?
aus - out of, from
ausser - except for, beside
bei - with, near, at
mit - with
nach - after
seit - since
von - from, of
zu - to, at
zur - to the (zu + der) (feminine)
zum - to the, for the (zu + dem) (mas, neut)
beim - with the (bei + dem)
vom - to the (von + dem)
in - in
auf - in or on
bezahlt - to pay
man - one, you
da - there
Er spricht zur Schwester.
Trinkst du beim Essen?
He is going to the bed.
das Quote - quota
ein paar - a few
das Paar - couple (pair, mate)
Paaren (pl) - mates, couples
dritte (dritten) - third
der Liter (Liter, pl) - liter
das Telefon - telephone
die Telefonnummer - telephone number
erste (ersten) - first, only (plural)
der Meter (Meter, pl) - meter
zweite (zweiten) - second
dreiviertel - three-quarters
die Million (Millionen, pl) - million
mir - me (dative)
dir - you (dative)
ihm - it (dative)
uns - us (dative)
helfen - helping
folgen- follow
gehoren - belong to
danken - to thank
antworten - answer
fehlen - be missing
glauben - believe
passieren - to happen
verzeihen - to forgive
wehtun - to hurt
beide - both
Du isst mit vielen Kindern.
I am going out with her.
Ich spreche mit meinem Freund.
She eats with her cats.
Die Schülerinnen lernen mit ihren Freunden.
She is not in her house.
She reads with her child.
After you.
I am thanking our cook.
What is with those women?
The horse is perfect for it.
They include the dates.
Get on that horse.
die Person - person
der Mensch - person
die Leute - people
die Bevölkerung - population; people
Personen - persons; people
Singles - singles; single people
der Single - single; single person
das Geschlecht - gender; sex
der Junge - boy
Freunde - friends
das Baby - baby
die Frau - woman
Herren - gentlemen
Damen - ladies
der Herr - gentleman
das Mitglied - member
Mitglieder - members
der Verein - club; association; organization
die Mitgliedschaft - membership
Französisch - French
Deutsch - German
die Mannschaft - team
der Gegner - opponent; adversary
Verbindungen - connections; ties
die Beziehung - relationship
das Verhältnis - relationship; affair
die Gruppe - group
Gruppen - groups
der Name - name
Namen - names
Englisch - English
das Personal - personnel; staff; crew
der Gast - guest
Gäste - guests
der Anfänger - beginner
der Käufer - buyer
der Verbraucher - consumer; customer
die Gemeinde - community; municipality
die Öffentlichkeit - public
der Bürger - citizen
das Publikum - audience
der Einwohner - inhabitant
Fans - fans
die Generation - generation
der Nutzer - user
die Integration - integration
der Bus - the bus
das Auto, die Autos - car
das Fahrzeug, die Fahrzeuge - vehicle
der Zug, die Züge - train
Indien - India
Deutschland - Germany
Wien - Vienna
der Mittelstand, die Mittelstände - middle class
die Reise, die Reisen - journey, voyage
Bayern - Bavaria
Afrika - Africa
das Boot, die Boote - boat
der Flug, die Flüge - flight
die Route, die Routen - route
der Tourismus - tourism
gleichzeitig - at the same time
Spanien - Spain
das Motorrad, die Motorräder - motorcycle
der Verkehr - traffic
die Strecke, die Strecken - stretch, drive
die Anfahrt, die Anfahrten - journey, drive
der Weg, die Wege - path, way
die Fahrt, die Fahrten - journey, trip, drive
der Mietwagen, die Mietwagen - rental car
Italien - Italy
die Bahn, die Bahnen - train
das Abenteuer, die Abenteuer - adventure
der Kiel, die Kiele - keel
der Schweizer, die Schweizer - Swiss [man]
Schweden - Sweden
der Besuch, die Besuche - visit
das Panorama, die Panoramen - panorama
der Transport, die Transporte - transport
die Tour, die Touren - tour
die Sehenswürdigkeit, die Sehenswürdigkeiten - place of interest
der Student - student
Studenten - students
der Schüler - student
der Arzt - doctor
der Lehrer - teacher
Lehrer - teachers
die Studentin - student (female)
die Schülerin - student (female)
der Senior - elderly person, senior
die Lehrerin - teacher (female)
der Autor - author
der Geschäftsführer - manager; CEO (chief executive officer)
der Meister - boss; master
die Kritik - review; criticism
der Investor - investor
der Händler - salesman; dealer; trader; tradesman
der Laden - store; shop
der Trainer - coach; trainer
die Partnerschaft - partnership
Senioren - seniors
der Leiter - leader
der Verein - union; club
der Präsident - president
der Bürgermeister - mayor
der Arbeitgeber - employer
der Fischer - fisherman
der Professor - professor
der Unternehmer - entrepreneur
die Arbeitgeberin - employer (female)
der Eigentümer - owner
der Hersteller - producer; manufacturer
der Bauer - farmer
der Verkäufer - salesman; seller; vendor
der Schneider - tailor
die Herstellerin - producer (female)
der Vorstand - board of directors; executive committee
der Ratgeber - advisor
der Fahrer - driver
der Teilnehmer - participant
der Herausgeber - publisher
der Beruf - job; occupation; profession
der Vertreter - representative; sales representative
der Rechtsanwalt - lawyer
Ärzte - doctors
Schülerinnen - schoolgirls
Experten - experts
die Feuerwehr - fire brigade; fire department
der Empfänger - beneficiary; recipient
der Verfasser - writer; author
der Administrator - administrator
der Betreiber - operator
die Dienstleistung - service
der Veranstalter - host; organizer
der General - general
der Architekt - architect
Rechtsanwälte - lawyers
die Bevölkerung - the general public
der Reiseführer - travel guide
der Manager - manager
Rechtsanwältinnen - lawyers (female)
Autoren - authors
die Architektin - architect (female)
die Gemeinde - community
das Handwerk - craft; handcraft
Berufe - jobs; professions
die Werkstatt - garage
der Arbeitnehmer - employee
der Entwickler - developer
die Bedienung - service; operation
die Arbeitnehmerin - employee (female)
der Weber - weaver
der Dienst - service; duty
der Posten - post; job
Dienste - services
der Mitarbeiter - the employee / collaborator
der Fuß, die Füße - foot
der Körper, die Körper - body
die Hand, die Hände - hand
der Patient, die Patienten - patient
die Krankheit, die Krankheiten - disease, illness, ailment
machen verantwortlich - hold responsible
krank - ill, sick
die Gesundheit - health
das Bein, die Beine - leg
die Praxis, die Praxen - practice (plural refers to doctors, etc.)
das Herz, den Herzen, des Herzens, die Herzen - heart
das Virus, die Viren - virus
der Missbrauch, die Missbräuche - abuse
das Medikament, die Medikamente - drug, medicine
das Blut, die Blute - blood
die Krankenversicherung, die Krankenversicherungen - health insurance
die Medizin - medicine
die Therapie, die Therapien - therapy, treatment, counseling
das Auge, die Augen - eye
der Hals, die Hälse - neck, throat
das Haar - hair
der Unfall, die Unfälle - accident
das Krankenhaus, die Krankenhäuser - hospital
das Gesicht, die Gesichter - face
die Haut - skin
das Opfer, die Opfer - sacrifice; victim
der Finger, die Finger - finger
behandeln - treat
das Blatt, die Blätter - leaf; page
das Formular, die Formulare - form
die Untersuchung, die Untersuchungen - study; examination; investigation
die Klinik, die Kliniken - clinic
die Geburt, die Geburten - birth
der Kopf, die Köpfe - head
die Apotheke, die Apotheken - drugstore
die Behandlung, die Behandlungen - treatment
die Pflege - care
der Sinn | die Sinne - sense; im Sinne = in mind
steigen - climb, go up, increase
erweitern - widen, expand
fehlen - be missing
glauben - think, believe
kosten - cost
singen - sing
stehlen - steal
akzeptieren - accept
halten - hold, save
bleiben - stay
erkennen - make out, recognize
prüfen - test
spazieren - walk, stroll
liegen - lie
abonnieren - subscribe to
mögen - like
übernehmen - take over
schließen - close, shut
zeigen - show
bestellen - order, reserve
meinen - mean
nehmen - take, use
gefallen - enjoy
verkaufen - sell
ersetzen - replace
treffen - meet
hoffen - hope
stellen - put, set, place
suchen - search, find
warten - wait
gehen - go
scheinen - shine
funktionieren - work, function
hören - hear, listen to
benutzen - use
geben - give
schwimmen - swim
sammeln - collect, gather
finden - find
ändern - change
erlauben - allow
kommen - come, arrive
fahren - drive, ride
kochen - cook
machen - do, make
stehen - stand
arbeiten - work
wissen - know
passieren - pass
wohnen - live
Tip
Days of the week, Months and Seasons are all masculine nouns
Exceptions
das Frühjahr = the spring
die Saison = the season
heute - today
nur - just
noch - another, nor, still
jetzt - now
da - there, because, since
gestern - yesterday
hier - here, now, this
immer - always
auch - already, too, also, as well
gerne - enjoys
wieder - again, in turn, likewise
schon - already
weder - neither
sofort - immediately
bereits - already
dann - then
allein - alone
selbst - even, self
weg - away, missing
dort - there
zuerst - first
somit - thus
selber - yourself
hingegen - on the other hand, however
damit - with that, so that, thus, (that) (with)
zuletzt - last, at last
dabei - in, going
nun - now, well, now that
besonders - especially, particularly, separately
dazu - for, for it, with
genauso - as, just the same as, equally
darüber - about that, about it/them, over that
überhaupt - at all, in general, ever
ob - if, whether, on account of
nun - makes “wirklich” more significant
danach - then, after, afterwards
sonst - otherwise, usually, or
mindestens - at least
durchaus - definitely, absolutely, indeed
einmal - once, one day, some day
auf einmal - at once, at the same time, simultaneous
daher - from there, therefore, so, hence
außerdem - anyway, besides, in addition, as well
meistens - at least, in the majority of cases, most of the time
fast - almost
jedenfalls - certainly, definitely, at any rate
kaum - barely, hardly, scarcely
je - ever, per, for each
dennoch - nevertheless, even so, yet
jedoch - however
immer noch - still
spätestens - at the latest
innen - inside
das Ende - the end
ab jetzt - from now on
so - there thus
sowie - as well as, as soon as, and
meint - v. means
so… wie - as… as
weder… noch - neither… nor
anderes - other, different
der Dienst - the employment, office, service
die Not - the hardship
nicht wieder - not anymore
von klein auf - since childhood
von - by
von selbst - by themselves
gehören - part of, belong to
etwa - approximately, perhaps, by any chance
echt - real, genuine, authentic
Zeitschriften - magazines
Subject of the sentence.
Direct object of the sentence.
Most likely, food is being consumed at the table. The German preposition “am” is the contraction of “an” (at/on) and “dem” (the). For example, “The man eats at the table” is “Der Mann isst am (an + dem) Tisch.” Since “an” can translate to both “at” and “on,” “am” can translate to both “at the” and “on the,” depending on the context. For example “an dem Tisch” only translates to “at the table” (context: spatial relationship between things) and “an dem Tag” only translates to “on that day” (context: temporal).
neither nor
weder needs noch to express neither…nor.
alle = every
am= at
an = on
auf = in the
bis = until
für = for
im = in, in the
nach = after
von = from
vor = before
während = during
zu = to
zwischen = between
am = an+dem, at the (location, masc./neut., stationary)
an den = to the (location, movement)
aus = from (“He is from X”)
bei = at the (location)
in = in (location), to (travel, fem./pl.)
nach = to (travel, masc./neut.)
neben = next to
ums = around the
von = from (“I walk from X”)
zu = to
zur = to the
auf = to (metaphoric)
aus = out (to be off)
nach= for, like (similar to)
wegen = because of
von = on, about a (metaphoric)
zum = with, for (masc. or neut.)
{preposition) + (location)
zu einem Haus = to a house (any house)
nach Hause = home (homeward)
zu Hause = at home
no article, quantity, adjective
indefinite article, possessive
definite article
Adjective-Adverbs
Predicate adjectives are interesting. They will function as adverbs when placed after a conjugated verb. What’s even better, is that you do not need to make any changes to the predicate adjective. Unlike English, Germans do not make a distinction in form between a predicate adjective and an adverb.
For example in English you say:
The man is quiet. (quiet = adjective)
The man sings quietly (quietly = adverb)
Whereas in German you would say:
Der Mann ist leise. (leise = adjective)
Der Mann singt leise. (leise= adverb)
Modal adverbs
A modal particle is a word used often in colloquial language to “color” or intensify the meaning of a sentence. Among these particles, exist adverbs who have this same function. For instance, to intensify the sentence Ich will nach Hause gehen and make it sound more urgent, a person could say: Ich will unbedingt nach Hause gehen! The word unbedingt (absolutely) is a modal adverb.
Here are some modal adverbs:
hoffentlich - hopefully
natürlich - of course
wirklich - really
anscheinend - apparently
bestimmt - surely
eventuell - eventually
wahrscheinlich/vielleicht - probably, maybe
Adverbs with suffixes -weise, maße, mäßig:
Some adverbs of manner and degree have the suffix weise, maße, mäßig as demonstrated in the following sentences.
Können Sie es bitte schrittweise erklären? (Can you explain it step-by-step?)
Es hat diesmal einigermaßen geklappt. (It worked this time to a certain extent.)
Gewohnheitsmäßig kaut sie Kaugummi nach dem Abendessen. (She habitually chews gum after supper.)
The suffixes maßen, mäßig, weise roughly mean “in the manner of, according to”. For example if we use the word versuchsweise, it would be literally translated as “in the art/manner of trying.” In the dictionary it is defined as “tentatively.” So the following sentence “Wir gehen versuchsweise voran” would read as “We are going tentatively forward” which has a similar meaning to the literal translation “in the art/manner of trying.”
Here are more examples of adverbs with suffixes maßen, mäßig, weise:
beispielsweise - for example
gewissermaßen – so to speak
glücklicherweise - luckily
intelligenzmäßig - according to intelligence
möglicherweise - possibly
A conjunction like “wenn“ (when) or “jedoch“ (however) connects two parts of a sentence together.
In German, conjunctions do not change with the case (i.e. they are not declinable).
Subordinating conjunctions combine an independent clause with a dependent clause; the dependent clause cannot stand on its own and its word order will be different than if it did. For instance, in
Er ist hungrig, weil er nichts aß
(he is hungry, because he ate nothing), the clause starting with “weil“ is the dependent clause, which would be ordered as “er aß nichts“ (he ate nothing) if it stood by itself.
Coordinating conjunctions form a group of coordinators (like “und“ = and; “aber“ = but), which combine two items of equal importance; here, each clause can stand on its own and the word order does not change.
Lastly, correlative conjunctions work in pairs to join sentence parts of equal importance. For instance, “entweder…oder“ (either…or) is such a pair and can be used like this:
Der Schuh ist entweder blau oder rot
(this shoe is either blue or red).
When a preposition and a definite article are combined or contracted in German, a new word is formed. For instance, “in dem” (in the) becomes “im” like in “Der Mann ist im Restaurant” (the man is in the restaurant). Note that the best translation of a contraction includes the definite article “the” (and not the indefinite article). Below is a table with common contractions:
an + dem = am = at the/on the
bei + dem = beim = by the/at the
zu + dem= zum= to the
In English, the present tense can be simple or progressive (as in “I eat” or “I am eating”). Both forms translate to just one German present tense form, because there is no continuous tense in standard German. So, “she learns” and “she is learning” are both “sie lernt.”
=not
= not a
Deutsch im blick
http://www.coerll.utexas.edu/dib/
German for English Speakers
http://germanforenglishspeakers.com/
Foreign Service Institute
http://fsi-language-courses.org/Content.php
German is Easy
http://yourdailygerman.wordpress.com/
Nancy Thuleen
http://www.nthuleen.com/teach/grammar.html
German for Music Lovers
http://www.acampitelli.com/german_for_music_lovers.htm
german.about.com
http://german.about.com/od/grammar/Grammar_Grammatik.htm
German is Easy - Online Course
http://yourdailygerman.wordpress.com/learn-german-online-course/
Grimm Grammar
http://coerll.utexas.edu/gg/index.html
http://coerll.utexas.edu/gg/gr/mis_01.html
Deutschlandfunk
http://www.dradio.de/dlf/
Deutschlandradio Kultur
http://www.dradio.de/dkultur/
Deutschlandradio Wissen
http://wissen.dradio.de/
List of streaming radio stations
http://www.listenlive.eu/germany.html[28]
Sobald du siehst, sehe ich.
Independent clause: I see
Dependent clause: As soon as you see
In the dependent clause, the verb comes last: “Sobald du siehst”.
In the independent clause, the verb comes first: “sehe ich.”
Ich sehe den Mann.
Ich esse einen Apfel.
Yes … But what if everything works out
SYNTAX
Sie schlafen auf einem großen Bett.
With which teacher are you drinking tea?
SYNTAX
Aus welcher Tasse trinkst du?
SYNTAX
Ihm ist nicht gut.
Mit welchen Kindern bist du?
SYNTAX
Ich komme mit beiden meiner Eltern
Ich komme mit meinen beiden Eltern
Er kommt aus der Schweiz.
Worüber sprichst die Frau?
SYNTAX
Jeder Mitarbeiter ist wichtig fur uns
SYNTAX
TBD
Jeder Mitarbeiter ist uns wichtig
We do not recognize anything.
SYNTAX
Test that.
Dieser Hals gefällt mir.
SYNTAX
Have you finished the book?
Das kommt von Bayern.
Vor, während oder nach dem Essen?
Ich weiß nicht, wieso du ihn nicht magst.
Das ist alles, was ich über ihn weiß.
That is all
I know about himThis one was tricky.
I know who you are.
SYNTAX
idk
What do the experts think?
SYNTAX
Bitte, schließen Sie die TürThis one was tricky.
Wir gehen nach Hamburg.
I never drink tea with lemonPlacement of nie?
Es geht gut ihnen.This one was tricky.
Du bist so ahnlich wie eine Maus This one was tricky.
Der Mann ist der Frau ähnlich.
SYNTAX
Wessen Flasche Wein ist das?
SYNTAX
Egal, wie groß es ist?
Ich bin eher gegen Autos.This one was tricky.
Er geht aufs Dach.This one was tricky.
We are speaking of the car This one was tricky.
Wenn er nicht kommt, fahren wir nicht.This one was tricky.
Du bist frei nach Haus zu gehen .This one was tricky.
Der Ofen geht nicht.This one was tricky.
Lock the door.-why Sie? Why ab?
Das betrifft Sie nicht.-does fft and Sie go together?
When do you go to swim?
-when do you swim is wrongThis one was tricky.
Sie ersetzt das Baby durch einen schwarzen Hund.
-durch?
SYNTAX
This one was tricky.
Ich komme mit beiden meinen Eltern.
-i guess beiden = both ofThis one was tricky.
Sie arbeitet seit fünf Uhr an dem Morgen.- an? Gender of morgen?
Die Mädchen spazieren.
This one was tricky.
Wie du bist.- word order?
Suddenly we are home
VOCAB
SYNTAX
I generally go to bed at ten
SYNTAX
The trains go every two hours.
SYNTAX
But that does not matter.
Du bist Studentin.
Nichts ist falsch.
Dein Pferd ist es wert.
SYNTAX
The month of July.
I guess the "of" is inferred
That does not work in the long run.
placement of nicht
She reads us the newspaper.
SYNTAX
Sie liest nach dem Mittagessen.
Die Kinder stellen die Teller auf den Tisch.
SYNTAX
We are delighted with our teacher.
SYNTAX
Außer ihm liest keiner das Menü.
VOCAB
SYNTAX
I am beside myself with joy
ab und zu
needs explanation
Da ist ein Mann an der Tür.
Die Lehrer prüfen mich, ich weiß noch nicht wie.
SYNTAX
Alternatively, Wie weiss ich noch nicht
Danke, ich sehe den Zeitpunkt.
Das Tier fehlt mir.
There are no eggs missing.
needs explanation
Wir möchten keine Krankenversicherung.- unfamiliar with mochten, k...
I will do anything you want!- unfamiliar with mache, moches
Es ist mein Ernst.
- don't know this phrase
Ohne Witz?- unfamiliar
That is on the house.- what is the meaning of geht?
He likes neither apples nor eggs.
Hast du das Buch schon durch- needs explanation
The good sisters like to play.
- needs explanation
He talks to his brother again.
- needs explanation
I like to sleep in my bed.
- needs explanation
November is good too
- needs explanation
Deine Bücher sind so interessant wie immer.
needs explanation
I am running away from my home.
- needs explanation
She is there until today.- sentence order?
I will look at it immediately.
SYNTAX
Was ist mit meiner Untersuchung?
needs explanation
Sie isst immer noch.
- needs explanation
Do the children listen?
needs explanation
Nein, ich denke nicht.
- needs explanation
We believe that.
SYNTAX
Ganz durch?
- needs explanation
Ich gehe mit ihr spatzieren.
- needs explanation
Du hast deinen dritten Mann.
- needs explanation
Wohin fährt dieser Bus?
needs explanation
He is fun.
needs explanation
I am overjoyed
needs explanation
Is it all fun for you?
needs explanation
Es ist ein Teller mit Reise.
Why is mit the correct word here?- needs explanation
Das geht dich nichts an.
-it seems to be a set phrase to memorize. Can also say “das geht Sie nichts an” (formal) or “das geht mir nichts an” (that does not concern me)
Ich weiß nicht, wo meine Uhr ist.
-(i do not know) (where my watch is). Independent and dependent?- needs explanation
Mein Haus ist nicht so groß
-duo said “sehr groß” is wrong- needs explanation
Ich weiß nichts über ihm.
needs explanation
Gedanken sind frei.
needs explanation
Nein, ich habe es nicht dabei.
needs explanation
He cooks so there is food
needs explanation
Das weiß ich selber nicht
Sprechen Sie nicht zu ihm während er fährt
needs explanation
They stay here.
needs explanation
Have you finished the book yet?
needs explanation
Die Not ist bereits sichtbar
needs explanation
I also hope so
needs explanation
Der Autor selbst ist ein Rechtsanwalt
needs explanation
Zuletzt er isst sein Mittagessen
needs explanation
Damit ist die Gruppe komplett
Glaube mir!
needs explanation
Kochen Sie die Nudeln selbst
needs explanation
Ich spreche zu dem Herzen
needs explanation
Sie sind bereits im Haus.
needs explanation
Er hilft ihr somit nicht.
needs explanation
Wir haben nichts gemeinsam.- needs explanation
Ich bin praktisch perfekt.
(commenters on Duolingo disagree that this is a good translation)- needs explanation
Ist mir egal was ich bezahle.- needs explanation
Wovon spricht die Frau?
Worüber spricht die Frau?- needs explanation
The mirrors belong there.
The mirrors come with it.- needs explanation
For it they have three days.
They have three days for that.- needs explanation
Wir fügen das Ei dazu.
Wir geben das Ei dazu.- needs explanation
Wir geben das Ei dazu.
- needs explanation
Er ist genauso gut wie sie.
Er ist so gut wie sie.
Nur einmal im Jahr.
Einmal jährlich nur?
- needs explanation
Nein mir ist nicht danach.- needs explanation
Sie geht einmal im Monat.
- needs explanation
Does he ever know where he goes?- needs explanation
I rise at 8 often.- needs explanation
Dennoch ist jeder von ihnen individuell.- needs explanation
I have certainly had enough.
- needs explanation
Everyone likes him.
Meistens kommen die Großeltern alle zwei Tage.
Nein, ich trinke kaum Alkohol.
- needs explanation
What does the clock look like from inside?- needs explanation
Das ist jedoch nicht immer sinnvoll.- needs explanation
Spätestens am Wochenende- needs explanation
Der Arzt sieht das Herz von innen.- needs explanation
Spätestens am Wochenende sind wir weg.- needs explanation
Der Gast ist oben auf dem Berg.- needs explanation
Wie sieht die Uhr von innen aus?- needs explanation
Wir hören zu.
Wir sind nur einmal jung.
but why in this order?
Damit sind wir fertig.
Nun, mir reicht es jedenfalls.- needs explanation
An dem großen Tag?
Am großen Tag?
- needs explanation
Ich stehe meistens um acht auf.
Seine Gedanken sind bei den Eltern.
Alles scheint schnell zu gehen.
Meine Freunde suchen nach mir.
Meine Freunde suchen mich.
Ich bin meinem Freund verpflichtet.
Sammeln wir ihn.
Sammeln wir ihn ein.
Sie sind bei uns!
Sie sind unter uns!
- needs explanation
Believe me again.
Believe me once again.- needs explanation
Bist du immer noch nicht weg?- needs explanation
Das ist allgemein richtig.
Das ist überhaupt nicht gut.- need explanation
Dies sind die zwei Formen.
Das sind die beiden Formulare.- needs explanation
Ich schlafe am Abend.
- needs explanation
Ich bezahle Ihr Essen- needs explanation
Wir prüfen, was geschehen ist.
Wir prüfen, was passiert ist.
Das geben sie jedoch nicht zu.- needs explanation
He gets out.- needs explanation
Get on the horse- needs explanation
Beide Geschlecter singen.- needs explanation
She sings very clearly.
- needs explanation
Diese Daten sind falsch.- needs explanation
Was hoffen sie?- needs explanation
Es reicht nicht.
http://www.duolingo.com/comment/435042- needs explanation
She does not introduce me to her brother.- needs explanation
Bitte stelle mich ihr vor.
http://www.duolingo.com/comment/1208751- needs explanation
Sie arbeitet seit fünf Uhr am Morgen.
http://www.duolingo.com/comment/516662- needs explanation
Er trinkt nicht mit seiner Frau.
http://www.duolingo.com/comment/817890- needs explanation
Das glaubst du ja selber nicht!
http://www.duolingo.com/comment/400961- needs explanation
Kennt sie Sie?
Kennt sie dich?
Kennt sie euch?
http://www.duolingo.com/comment/375009- needs explanation
And then we will go home.
From Duolingo:
I asked my native German friend. It’s just the “best translation” of the meaning of the sentence. It’s a common phrase in German. If you’re on vacation and leave tomorrow, you say: “Morgen geht ES (ab/wieder) nach Hause.” Or, if you’re working and look at the clock, you could say: “In an hour gehts (= geht es) nach Hause.”
“It goes home” - but technically you mean a person - either yourself or you’re talking about somebody else going home. We don’t really have this wording in English so we translate it with “we”. That’s literally incorrect but keeps the meaning somewhat intact. Often, in English, we will say that “we’re going home in five minutes” without referring to who exactly will be going home, or without making sure everybody is actually going home at that time. But with context you expect people to know what you exactly mean, it’s the same in German.
Ich warte auf meinen Freund.
Ich hoffe auf rote Kleider.
Ich hoffe, das ist dir nicht zu einfach.
Zwei Personen sind in dem Haus.
Ich hoffe, es geht dir und meiner Schwester gut.
Ich hoffe, dir und meiner Schwester geht es gut.
Then, the neck is barely visible.
Entweder als ein Haustier oder als Fleisch
Entweder als Haustier oder als Fleisch
Das ist etwas anderes.
Ein Paar Schuhe.
• MIttagessen ist bei meinen Eltern.
• Das Mittagessen ist bei meinen Eltern.
Jedoch ist es nicht moglich.
Es ist jedoch nicht moglich.
Wir prufen, was passiert ist.
Trinken Sie ihr Bier nicht?
Trinkst du dein Bier nicht?
das Essen
Derived from Proto-Germanic *lap- (“to lick, to lap”)
Die Katze sieht den Hund nachdem sie die Maus sieht.
Solange wir besser sind
Er schläft sobald er ins Bett geht.
The leader is bringing the device.
………………………………………………..
Is leader and ladder the same word?
No!
Der Leiter = the leader
Die Leiter = the ladder
I have a plate.
…………………….
Why is it einen?
I do not like the spoon!
……………………………….
why is it den?
Seine Wohnung hat eine Treppe.
……………………………………………..
Why Seine?
Sein (seine, seinen, seinem) is possessive pronoun. “Seine Wohnung” mean “his apartment”, that is: the apartment that belongs to him.
Ihn is the personal pronoun for “er” in the accusative case. It’s not possession, it’s him himself.
Why eine?
Eine Treppe is one staircase. Alternatively, “hat Treppen”
Sleep in!
……………..
A German phrase.
Schlaf nicht ein.
……………………
The imperative is “einschlafen” and it is a seperable verb, so when conjugated, the “ein” goes to the end of the clause. So, “ich schlafe ein” = I fall asleep.
This household is perfect.
………………………………….
Why dieser?
He needs the razor.
…………………………
Why den?
Practice saying and listening to Rasierer
Sein Schlaf ist fest.
wofür stehst du = FOR WHAT do you stand?
Worüber keiner spricht = ABOUT WHAT no one speaks
Where is one bringing you?
Where are they taking you?
Wohin = where / where to
man = you/they/one
euch = you
What is she talking about?
Wieso sind Sie früh?
Wieso seid ihr früh?
niemand anderes hat antworten
Wo gehen wir?
Wohin gehen wir?
He speaks to the sister.
………………………………
It could be anyone’s sister, possessive was not indicated, so “the sister”
Do you drink with the food?
Er geht zum Bett.
……………………..
zum = neuter (to the = zu dem)
You eat with many children,
………………………………………
vielen
Kindern
Ich gehe mit ihr aus.
ausgehen (to go out) can be separated into “gehe” and “aus”
I am talking to my (boy)friend.
………………………………………….
meinem Freund = boyfriend
einem Freund = a male friend
Sie isst mit ihren Katzen.
…………………………………
ihren = dative, plural
http://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Ihr
The students are learning with their friends.
Sie ist nicht in ihrem Haus.
Sie liest mit ihrem Kind.
………………………………….
ihrem = dative, neuter
Nach dir.
……………
Nach takes the dative, so “dir” not “du”
Ich danke underem Koch.
………………………………….
Danken is a dative verb
Was ist mit diesen Frauen?
Das Pferd ist dazu perfekt.
Sie schließen die Daten ein.
realization:
Mitarbeiter = collaborator (with + worker)
The articles (der, ein, kein, etc.), possessive adjectives (mein, dein, etc.), and a few (unusual) nouns all change their form (usually by adding or changing endings) depending on what case they are in.
#Summary: When to use which case
Is it a fixed expression? (such as Mir ist kalt, or Es tut mir Leid)
Does the noun follow either an accusative or a dative preposition? If so, this should be easy, since the preposition determines the case. Just make sure you know which prepositions take the accusative (dogfu) and which take the dative (Blue Danube Waltz). Once you have the accusative and dative prepositions memorized, these are your friends when it comes to case — they tell you exactly what to do. (Next semester you will learn some other prepositions which aren’t quite so easy.)
Is the verb a dative verb? If so, the object will be in the dative.
If none of the other conditions apply, then you need to determine which noun in the sentence is the subject, and put that in nominative. Then look for a direct object (put in accusative) and indirect object (put in dative). Remember that not every sentence necessarily has a direct object and an indirect object: some have only one or the other, or none at all.
• for the subject of a sentence: who or what is doing this?
[Der Student] lernt Deutsch.
• for predicate nouns: when the main verb is sein or werden, use the nominative for both subject and predicate nouns.
[Das] ist [ein Tisch].
• for the direct object of a sentence: who or what is being “verbed”?
Ich habe [einen Tisch].
• after the accusative prepositions and postpositions: durch, für, gegen, ohne, um (memory aid: dogfu), as well as the postpositions bis and entlang . If a noun follows these prepositions, it will ALWAYS be in the accusative!
Er geht [um den Tisch].
• time expressions in a sentence are usually in accusative: jeden Tag, letzten Sommer, den ganzen Tag, diesen Abend, etc.
[Jeden Morgen] esse ich Brot zum Frühstück.
#How to identify?
• for the indirect object of a sentence
• after the dative prepositions: aus, außer, bei, mit, nach, seit, von, zu
• sometimes after the two-way dative prepositions: an, auf, hinter, in, neben, uber, unter, vor, zwischen
• after dative verbs: helfen, danken, gefallen, gehören, schmecken, passen.
• with some adjectives which describe a condition.
• the preposition “in” often uses the dative case.
Strong inflection is used:
Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | Plural | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | neuer | neues | neue | neue |
Accusative | neuen | neues | neue | neue |
Dative | neuem | neuem | neuer | neuen |
Genitive | neuen | neuen | neuer | neuer |
.
Memorization: The adjective endings are the same as the definite article endings, apart from the adjectival ending "-en" in the masculine and neuter genitive singular.
Mixed inflection is used after:
. | Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | Plural |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | neuer | neues | neue | neuen |
Accusative | neuen | neues | neue | neuen |
Dative | neuen | neuen | neuen | neuen |
Genitive | neuen | neuen | neuen | neuen |
.Memorization: Nominative and accusative singular endings follow the definite article; all other forms end with "-en".
Weak inflection is used after:
. | Masculine | Neuter | Feminine | Plural |
---|---|---|---|---|
Nominative | neue | neue | neue | neuen |
Accusative | neuen | neue | neue | neuen |
Dative | neuen | neuen | neuen | neuen |
Genitive | neuen | neuen | neuen | neuen |
.Memorization: Five endings in the nominative and accusative cases end with -e, all others with -en.
The basic form of the adjective is the positive form: the adjective stem with the appropriate ending.
schön (basic positive form)
das schöne Lied ("the beautiful song")
The basic comparative form consists of the stem and the suffix -er. Inflected, the corresponding adjective ending is attached.
schöner (basic comparative form)
das schönere Lied ("the more beautiful song")
A predicate form of the superlative is actually a prepositional phrase. You attach the suffixes -st and the adjective ending -en to the root, and the word am is put before it.
am schönsten ("the most beautiful")
Ich finde dieses Haus am schönsten. ("I find this house (to be) the most beautiful.")
The attributive superlative form adds the “st” to the comparative root and then the conventional adjective ending.
das schönste Lied
This form can also be placed in a predicate position with the appropriate adjective ending:
Dieses Haus ist das schönste. ("This house is the most beautiful.")
I - most important phrase
II - conjugated verb
M - subject, object, time, manner, place
III - verb complements
http://www.lsa.umich.edu/german/hmr/schreiben/sprache.html
In English, making plurals out of singular nouns is typically as straightforward as adding an “s” or an “es” at the end of the word. In German, the transformation is more complex, and also the articles for each gender change. The following five suggestions can help:
Feminine nouns that end in “-in” will need “-nen” in the plural. For example, “die Köchin” (the female cook) becomes “die Köchinnen” in its plural form.
Nouns in plural that do not already end in -n or -s (the latter found in loanwords) gain an -n in the dative case.
……………. | Nom……… | Acc……… | Dat……… | Gen……… |
---|---|---|---|---|
I | ich | mich | mir | mein |
you | du | dich | dir | dein |
he | er | ihn | ihm | sein |
she | sie | sie | ihr | ihr |
it | es | es | ihm | sein |
we | wir | uns | uns | unser |
you (pl.) | ihr | euch | euch | euer |
they/You | Sie | Sie | Ihnen | Ihr |
… | ich | du | er | sie | es | wir | ihr | sie | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N | m/n | mein | dein | sein | ihr | sein | unser | euer | ihr |
f/pl | meine | deine | seine | ihre | seine | unsere | eure | ihre | |
A | m | meinen | deinen | seinen | ihren | seinen | unseren | euren | ihren |
n | mein | dein | sein | ihr | sein | unser | euer | ihr | |
f/pl | meine | deine | seine | ihre | seine | unsere | eure | ihre | |
D | m/n | meinem | deinem | seinem | ihrem | seinem | unserem | eurem | ihrem |
f | meiner | deiner | seiner | ihrer | seiner | unserer | eurer | ihrer | |
pl | meinen | deinen | seinen | ihren | seinen | unseren | euren | ihren | |
G | m/n | meines | deines | seines | ihres | seines | unseres | eures | ihres |
f/pl | meiner | deiner | seiner | ihrer | seiner | unserer | eurer | ihrer |
ich - I
du - you
er/sie/es - he/she/it
wir - we
ihr - you guys
sie - they
Sie - you
der - that one (masculine)
die - that one (feminine)
das - that one (neuter)
die - these
Like in English, when the subject becomes the object, the pronoun changes. For instance,
"ich" --> "mich"
(accusative object) as in “Ich sehe mich” (I see me).
mich - me
dich - you
ihn - him
sie - her
es - it
uns - us
euch - you guys
sie - them
Sie - you
den - that one (masculine)
die - that one (feminine)
das - that one (neuter)
die - these
How to tell the difference between sie “they” and “formal you”?
German You: du, ihr, Sie
There are three ways of saying “you” in German.
Not used merely by “implied” speaking pauses:
English: The problem, however, is that…
German: Das Problem ist jedoch, dass
Between a dependent and independent clause:
English: When the boy was young, he saw it.
German: Wenn er jung war, sah er es.
Conjoining two main/independent clauses
With a relative clause:
English: The boy who was in my class came to my house.
German: Der Junge, der in meiner Klasse war, kam zu meinem Haus.
Use a comma in listings
But not in front of “und” and “oder”
Optional commas
He went away but came back
Er ging weg aber kam zurück
English: He would like to teach her
German: Er möchte, ihr zu lehren OR Er möchte ihr zu lehren.
No comma needed with just the infinitive verb
Er möchte zu lehren.
Infinitive verbs are in the form “to X” such as “to learn.” A comma used to be required before these phrases, but now it is optional/not used.
Negating a noun that has a definite article
Der Architekt mag den Raum nicht
The architect does not like the room
Negating a noun that has a possessive pronoun
Der Autor sucht sein Glas nicht.
The writer is not looking for his glass
Negating the verb: “Sie haben nicht” (they/you do not have).
Negating an adverb or adverbial phrase
Mein Mann isst nicht immer
My husband does not eat at all times
Negating an adjective that is used with “sein” (to be)
Du bist nicht hungrig
You are not hungry
Adverbs go in different places in different languages. You cannot simply place the German adverb “nicht” where you would put “not” in English.
The German “nicht” will precede adjectives and adverbs
Das Frühstück ist nicht schlecht
The breakfast is not bad
For verbs, “nicht” can either precede or follow the verb, depending the type of verb
Typically, “nicht” comes after conjugated verbs as in “Die Maus isst nicht” (the mouse does not eat). In conversational German, the perfect (“Ich habe gegessen” = “I have eaten”) is often used to express simple past occurrences (“I ate”). If such statements are negated, “nicht” will come before the participle at the end of the sentence: “Ich habe nicht gegessen” (I did not eat/I have not eaten).
Finally, “nicht” also tends to come at the end of sentences (after direct objects like “mir” = “me,”” or after yes/no questions if there is just one conjugated verb). For example, “Die Lehrerin hilft mir nicht” (The teacher does not help me) and “Hat er den Ball nicht?” (Does he not have the ball?)
“Nicht” is an adverb and is useful for negations. On the other hand, “nichts” (nothing/anything) is a pronoun and its meaning is different from that of “nicht.” Using “nicht” simply negates a fact, and is less overarching than “nichts.” For example, “Der Schüler lernt nicht” (the student does not learn) is less extreme than “Der Schüler lernt nichts” (the student does not learn anything).
The word “nichts” can also be a noun if capitalized (“das Nichts” = nothingness).
Simply put, “kein” is composed of “k + ein” and placed where the indefinite article would be in a sentence. For instance, look at the positive and negative statement about each noun: “ein Mann” (a man) versus “kein Mann” (not a/not one man), and “eine Frau” versus “keine Frau.”
“Kein” is also used for negating nouns that have no article: “Man hat Brot” (one has bread) versus “Man hat kein Brot” (one has no bread).
Subject vs. predicate
Every complete sentence contains two parts: a subject and a predicate. The subject is what (or whom) the sentence is about, while the predicate tells something about the subject.
Sein
v. To be.
http://german.about.com/library/verbs/blverb01.htm
Weden
v. To become.
http://german.about.com/library/verbs/blverb03.htm
Note that the very common expression “es gibt” (there is/are) requires that the noun be in the accusative case because it is grammatically a direct object.
Es gibt [einen Stuhl] da drüben.
durch - through
für - for
gegen - against, around
ohne - without
um - at
bis - until, to, by
entlang - along, down
Ich gebe [der Frau] ein Buch.
I’m giving her a book = a book to her.
Er schenkt [mir] ein Buch.
He’s giving me a book.
Ich habe das [dem Mann] schon gesagt.
I already told the man that.
aus – from, out of
außer – except for
bei – at, near
mit – with
nach – after, to
seit – since (time), for
von – from
zu – at, to
gegenüber - opposite
Sie haben ein Geschenk von ihrem Vater bekommen.
They got a gift from their father.
Außer meiner Mutter spricht meine ganze Familie Deutsch.
Except for my mother, my whole family speaks German.
Ich fahre am Wochenende zu meiner Tante in Minnesota.
I go on the weekends to my to my aunt’s in Minnesota.
an - at, on, to
auf - at, to, on, upon
hinter - behind
in - in, into
neben - beside, near, next to
uber - about, above, across, over
unter - under, among
vor - in front of, before; ago (time)
zwischen - between
These prepositions are either accusative or dative.
Wir gehen ins Kino.
We’re going to the movies/cinema. (motion towards = accusative)
Wir sind im Kino.
We’re at the movies/cinema. (location = dative)
Legen Sie das Buch auf den Tisch.
Put/Lay the book on the table. (motion towards = accusative)
Das Buch liegt auf dem Tisch.
The book’s lying on the table. (location = dative)
Ich helfe dir mit deinen Hausaufgaben.
I’m helping you = I’m giving help to you.
Wir danken Ihnen, Herr Stein.
We’re thanking you = we’re giving thanks to you.
helfen - help
danken - thank
gefallen - please
gehören - include
schmecken - taste
passen - adjust
You’ll just need to know these as fixed phrases.
Mir ist warm.
To me (it) is warm / I’m warm.
Wie geht es dir?
How’s it going / How are you doing?
When ‘in’ is used with a stationary verb (e.g. He’s in the house), it takes the dative case.
Der Tisch steht in der Küche.
Where is it? In the kitchen.
Mein Schreibtisch ist im Arbeitszimmer.
Note that im = in dem
Die Kinder sind in ihren Zimmern.
The children are in their rooms, plural.
Put the inflected verb at the beginning of the (not inverted) sentence.
Examples:
. | person | thing |
---|---|---|
nominative | wer | was |
genitive (object) | wessen | wessen |
dative | wem | wem |
accusative | wen | was |
.
Asking for a predicate
You ask for a predicative with the either interrogative pronoun Was or, if knowing it is not a nominal phrase, Wie.
You can also use other interrogative pronouns like Wo.
Asking for an adverb
It is possible to ask for the adverb of a predicative, if it is not a nominal phrase (and even for the adverb of the adverb etc.)
Asking for a possessor
When searching for the possessor of a nominal phrase, you first act as if you would invert the corresponding statement, placing the noun with the unknown possessor at the beginning. Then give it the possessive interrogative article (wessen for all cases, genders and numbers). Of course, this nominal phrase may not have a genitive possessor.
Asking for an adverb
First the interrogative pronoun (Wie), then the conjugated verb, next the subject, then the rest of the sentence.
If the adverb describes another adverb or an adjective:
Phrase | Example |
---|---|
Nominative Pronoun | “ich” |
Reflextive Pronoun | “mich” |
Accusative Pronoun | “dich” |
Dative Pronoun | “dir” |
Temporal Expressions | |
Nominative Noun | “die Katze” |
Dative Noun | “meiner Mutter” |
Accusative Noun | “meinen Vater” |
Prepositional Phrases | Time, Manner, Place |
Adverbs | Time, Manner, Place |
Predicate Adjectives | Time, Manner, Place |
Verbal Negation | “nicht” |
The separable prefix, if there is one, remains at its old place, separated.
http://www.dartmouth.edu/~german/Grammatik/Imperative/Imperativ.html
-e ending: most German one-syllable nouns will need -e in their plural form. For example, in the nominative case,
das Brot -->die Brote
das Spiel-->die Spiele
-er ending: most masculine or neuter nouns will need the -er ending, and there may be umlaut changes. For example, in the nominative case
das Kind-->die Kinder
der Mann-->die Männer
-n/-en ending: most feminine nouns will take either -n or -en in all four grammatical cases, with no umlaut changes. For example,
die Frau-->die Frauen
die Kartoffel-->die Kartoffeln
-s ending: most foreign-origin nouns will take the -s ending for the plural, usually with no umlaut changes. For example:
der Chef-->die Chefs
There is no change for most neuter or masculine nouns that contain any of these in the singular: -chen, -lein, -el, or -er. There may be umlaut changes. For example:
das Mädchen-->die Mädchen
die Mutter-->die Mütter
eu = “oy” - OY YOU!
ihn ihm sein follows einen einem eines for masculine
German Commas: Subordinate and Main Clauses
Why do we need commas?
Commas are needed grammatically and for the ease of reading when you are putting a dependent clause before the main clause. The dependent clause, also known as the subordinate clause, can be put before the main clause, but a comma needs to be separating him: “If he wants to come, he can” translates into “Wenn er kommen will, kann er.” The subordinate clause comes before the main clause, and you must put the comma between the clauses. One big reason this is helpful while reading is because, after some conjunctions, the verb order is switched in the second sentence (if the subordinate clause comes first.) Consider the sentence in English: “If she loves me, I love her.” In German it would be “Weil du mich liebst, liebe ich dich.” Without the comma (and pause) the “liebst liebe” might be a tongue twister. A comma must also be used if the main clause comes before the subordinate clause: “He can come if he wants,” or “Er kann kommen, wenn er willt.
Examples with subordinating conjunctions
(an individual clause needs a grammatical subject)
Examples with relative pronouns
Other examples:
Subordinate Clauses
als - as, when
bevor - before
bis - until
da - as, since (because)
damit - so that, in order that
dass - that
ehe - before (re old Engl. “ere”)
falls - in case
indem - while
nachdem - after
ob - whether, if
obgleich - although
obschon - although
obwohl - although
seit/seitdem - since (time)
sobald - as soon as
sodass / so dass - so that
solang(e) - as/so long as
trotzdem - despite the fact that
während - while, whereas
weil - because
wenn - if, whenever
aber
denn
entweder
weder
noch
und
oder
Relative Clauses
Commas are placed at both the beginning and the end of a relative clause. A relative clause is a type of subordinate clause that modifies (or explores upon) the noun of the sentence.
In the English sentence “The boy who was in my class came to my house,” the relative clause is “who was in my class,” because it expands on the idea of “the boy.” In German, the “who was in my class” would have commas at both the beginning and the end because it is a relative clause, as seen in the following translation: “Der Junge, der in meiner Klasse war, kam zu meinem Haus.” The relative clause is “der in meiner Klasse,” or “who was in my class,” and therefore is surrounded by commas.
Optional Commas in the German Language
One of the only times in German where a grammatical rule is “optional” comes with the comma: with two independent clauses, whether the second has a subject or not, you have the option of using a comma for the coordinating conductions “and” and “or” (‘und’ and ‘oder’ in German). This grammatical revision is a recent one. A comma is also considered grammatically optional when you are considering the infinitive of a word in the sentence: “She would like to be with him” is our English sentence. ‘to be’ is considered the infinitive verb because it has ‘to’ before it, or in German it would be because there is an ‘-en’ at the end of the verb. Our German translation would be “Sie möchte ihm zu lehren.“ Notice it has no comma, because it is optional, and it could also be written “Sie möchte, ihm zu lehren.” Note the comma placement. If there is no ‘him’ in the sentence, there is no comma straight out: “Sie möchte zu lehren,” or “she would like to teach” (no “him”).
der Stuhl - chair
The German preposition bis is technically an accusative preposition, but it is almost always used with a second preposition (bis zu, bis auf, etc.) in a different case, or without an article (bis April, bis Montag, bis Bonn).
schenkt - give as a present
schon - already
gesagt - said (past tense)
das Geschenk- gift
ihrem - their
bekommen - obtain
ganze - whole
fahre - go
das Wochenende - weekend
die Tante- aunt
The basic rule for determining whether a two-way preposition should have an object in the accusative or dative case is motion (wohin?, where to?) versus location (wo?, where?, at rest). If there is motion towards something or a specific location, then usually that is accusative. If there is no motion at all or random motion going nowhere in particular, then that is usually dative. Remember, this applies only to the two-way prepositions! Here are two sets of examples:
helfe - helping
die Hausaufgaben - homework
Notes
Often word order will be STOMP
Time
Objects
Manner
Place
Prepositional phrases and adverbs follow the order “Time, Manner, Place”
Non-essential information is put in the middle of the sentence. For example:
The first sentence emphasizes the show. The second sentences emphasizes the time.
Essential words that modify the verb, “verb complements,” are placed at the end of the sentence.
Er liest ein Buch mit seinen Kindern
“liest” is the verb and “mit seinen Kindern” is the verbal concept, which is placed at the end